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EXPLANATION OF SKETCH OF ACTION 

OF THE 25th JULY, 1814, 

Enclosed in Sir George Prevost's despatch, No. IHS, to Lord Batlinrst, 
dated at Montreal, 5th August, ISll : 

FIRST POSITION. 

a — Incorporated lailitia, coiiimanded by Lieut. Col. Koliinsoii. 
b — Detachment of the King's, commanded by Capt. Campbell. 
c — Two troops of the 19th Dragoons, which retired to 
d — on a and .') being ordered to retire. 

e 89th, which arrived on the ground as the action commenced, with its left thrown back. 

f A detachment of the Royal Scots, commanded by Capt. Brereton, ^^■hich was moved 

in the first instance to 
7i — and afterwards to 
n. — 
fj (llengarry regiment, which, after skirmishing with the enemy's ailvance, took its 

station on the right of the line, and finding the enemy wei-e advancing directly 

in front, were ordered to 
A;— from whence, in junction with the eml^odied Militia and a few Indians, wlien tlie 

enemy were driven back, the Glengarry regiment advanced to 
h — from v.hieh it retired to its final position at 
O. — 

J— Embodied militia under Lieut. Col. Parry, who advanced to 
•>?i— after assisting to drive the enemy (who had advanced through the wood) directly 

in front of our position. They then retired to 
kk. 

SECOND POSITION. 

oa— Light company of the 41st, which arrived early in the action. 

1)1, S9th regiment, which has changed its position on the Incorpoiatcil Militia and 

detachment of the Kings regiment lieing ordered to retire from a, h, L\ ii. 

CC-— Incorporated Militia and detachment of the King's regiment, which liad retired 
from a, h, and 7, to a. 

ilfl Left wing of the 103rd regiment, which, with the troops under Col. Scott, arrived 

as the troops were changing from the 1st to 2nd position. 

ee— Right wing of 103rd regiment. 

// — Royal Scots regiment. 

yf^_(;t.enadiers of the 103rd regiment, and flank companies of the l()4tli, whicii after- 
wards advanced to 

/i/i.— 

il — King's regiment. 

M-— Indians and endjodied ]\Iilitia, who had retiretl from m. 

A — American artillery. 

AA — American columns advancing to the attack. 

B — British field pieces. 

C— The church. 



THE 



BAHLE OF LUNDY'S LANE 



25th JULY, 1814. 



A HISTORICAL STUDY 



BY ERNEST CRUIKSHANK, CAPTAIN, 44TH BATTALION. 



THIRD EDITION. 



WELLAXl); 

rRIXTF.D AT TIIK TBllUXK OFKUK. 




11 



Cf 



NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION. 



The very ,:i;ratifying receplion accorded to previous editions of this 
pamphlet, which are now exhausted, has induced the Lundy's Lane Histori- 
cal Society to undertake the publication of a third, which has been carefully 
revised by the author. 

Fori Erie, i8th December, 1893. 



PC; 
Author. 



THE BATTLE OF LUNDY'S LANE. 



The month of December, 1813, was marked l>y the retirement 
of the American troops from their lines at Fort George, which they 
had occupied since the preceding May, under circumstances which 
tended to cover their arms with disgrace. Under the pretext tliat it 
was necessary to deprive their adversaries of shelter upon that fron- 
tier, the remaining inhaljitants of Niagara were driven from their 
homes and the entire village committed to the flames. With the 
same intention Queenston was deliberately bombarded with red-hot 
shot from the batteries at Lewiston. Many isolated farm houses 
were destroyed by marauding parties of soldiers, or, when they 
proved too substantial for instant demolition, were rendered uninhab- 
itable l)y removal of the doors and windows. The few cattle still 
remaining in the possession of the country people were mercilessly 
slaughtered or driven away, and their grain and flour removed or 
destroyed. On the 10th of "^ December, General McClure wrote exult- 
ingly from Fort Niagara to Governor Tompkins of New York : "The 
village is now in flames and the enemy shut out of hope and means 
of wintering in Fort George. This step has not been resolved on 
without counsel," he added, "and is in conformity ^yith the views of 
the Secretary of War, made known to me in previous connnunica- 
tions." This, however, was strenuously denied by the latter. " My 
orders," he asserted, "were to burn it if necessary to the defense of 
Fort George, and not otherwise. But he does not defend Fort George, 
and then burns Niagara. My orders were given on the report of the 
General that the attack of Fort George might he covered by Newark." 
Almost before the ink ^^'as dry on McClure's letter the flames of 
Niagara had become the signal for the rapid advance of a small 
British corps of observation, under Colonel John Murray, which lay 
at Twelve Mile Creek. Putting his men in sleighs, the British com- 
mander hurried forward through a Ijlinding snowstorm, and fell ujx)!! 
the incendiaries before their work of destructi<m was e(->mpleted. 
The village of Niagara had been already reduced to ashes, but the 
barracks and defences of Fort George were left comparatively unni- 
jured, and the retreating garrison left the whole of then- tents stand- 
nio- in the works they had so precipitately abandoned. The recovery 
of ''the left bank of the Niagara by the British was followed by the 



suri)risc ut' Fort Niuyara uiid the capture of the American batteries 
at Lewiston aiul Schlosser, and, finally, by the occupation of Buffalo, 
after a hard -fought action near Black Rock. Before the end of the 
month the Americans weiv driven from every defensive position upon 
their (»wn bank of the stream, severe and stern retaliation had been 
exacted for their ravages upon the Canadian settlements, nearly every 
habitable building between Buffalo and Eighteen Mile Creek on Lake 
Ontario being laid in ruins, and the terrified inhaliitants had fled 
beyond the Genessee. These successes put the small British force 
employed in possession of an ample and sorely needed supply- of pro- 
visions, ammunition, and military stores of various kinds, Ijesides 
fui-nishing them with comfortable winter quarters. Hitherto the 
men had been unprovided with winter clothing of any description, 
and they were still without a field-train, artificers, engineers, or regu- 
larly organized commissariat. During the preceding campaign, quan- 
tities of ammunition had Iteen spoiled by being conveyed with the 
army, in ordinary- open farm wagons, for lack of regular tumljrils. ^ 
Di-ummond at once jfrojected the reduction of Detroit and the des- 
truction of the American squadron on Lake Erie, then Ijang at Put- 
in-Bay.- He pushed his outposts forward to the forks of the Thames, 
and his scouts penetrated to the boi-ders of Lake St. Clair, and even 
ventured to cross into Michigan, where they captured the arms of a 
company of militia.^ The departure of the proposed expedition was 
delayed by the mildness of the weather, which kept the roads impas- 
sable until March.* By that time the garrison of Detroit had lieen 
heavily reinforced, several thousand militia were collected at Put-in- 
Bay foi- the defence of the ships, and the energetic Governor of New 
York had been enal>led to gather a large force of State troops at 
Bata\ ia. 

'I'lie British General a\;is at the same time obliged to proceed to 
York to open the annual se.s.sion of the Legislature of Upper Canada, for 
he united the functions of administrator of the civil government with 
those of connnander of the forces, and during his absence the Alneri- 
cans began to contemplate the recovery of Fort Niagara. With this 
view three thousand regular troops were rapidly moved across the 
State of New Yoi'k from Sackett's Harbor to the encanq^ment at 
Batavia.'' It had been ascei'tained from desertei-s that gi-eat discon- 
tent existed in the battalion (»f the Nth oi' King's regiment, which 
gan-isoned that post, and that the same cause wliich had prevented 
the advance of an expedition against Detroit luid delayed the rein- 
foi-cement of the di\ision gmirding tlic Ni;igarn by ti-oo]^s fi-om Lowt-r 
Canada, hi fact J)i-uiiiiiimii(| had Immmi uMigcd to weaken it by sen<l- 

1. hrimiinoiifi to I'revoHt, March 21; 2. Druiniiioiirt to Prevost, Jan. 21 ; 3. DiuiuidoikI to Hievost, 
Feb. 21 ; 4. Itiiimmonrl to Capt. N. Freer, Pel). 19 ; 5. Lossiiip, Field Book of 1812, i>. 7(i2. 



ing a (letachineut of tlie Newfoundland iv^'init'iit and avtillL-ry to 
relieve Mackinac, and withdrawing the battalion of the 41st IVoni 
York for the defence of Kingston.^ The number of desertions from 
the garrison of Fort Niagara had become so great an<l the discontent 
of the men so pronounce(l, that the battalion was finally withdrawn 
and replaced by the lOOth. Scarcely had this Iteen accomplished than 
the}^ too, began to desert in such nund)ers that General Kiall, w lin 
had been left in conunand of the division, was forced in utter d(,'spaii- 
to recommend the abandonment of "that cursed fort," as he forcibly 
designated it.' At that time the British army was lai-gely recruite«l 
from the pauper and criminal classes, and many foreigners were 
enlisted even into regiments of the line. Thus, five men deserting in 
a body from the Royal Scots at this time were described as being all 
foreigners. Besides being imperfecth" clothed and often harshly 
treated, they had recei^•ed no pay for upwards of six months, and 
their discontent at the irksome and monotonous round of duty in Fort 
Niagara is not surprising. 

Drummond, however, resolutely refused his consent to the evacua- 
tion of a post so important, and, as tine weather returned, desertions 
diminished. He was unremitting in his preparations for the coming 
campaign. Through the worst of weather and execrable roads he had 
hurried from York to Kingston, and from Kingston to Dela\yare. 
making inquiries into the resources of the country and the condition 
of the inhabitants.^* Ascertaining that the wheat crcjp near the fn^n- 
tier was likely to prove deficient, he promptly prohil)ited the distilla- 
tion of grain, and issued orders for the formation of magazines in the 
vicinity of Long Point, a part of the country which had hitherto 
escaped the ravages of the invaders.* The region between_ Chippawa 
and Fort Erie had been so completely laid waste that it remanied 
almost uninhabited. In addition to his troops he had several thou- 
sand non-combatants to feed, and in the destitute condition of the 
country this seemed an almost hopeless task. Most of the western 
Indiafe that had survived General Proct()r's defeat, as well as the 
whole of the Six Nations from the Grand River, three thousand ]ier- 
sons in all, of whom two-thirds were helpless women and chil-lreii, 
had sought refuge near the British cantonments at Burlington. Their 
depredations so harassed and alarmed many of the inhabitants m the 
vicinity that they abandoned their farms and took shelter m the 
soldiers' quarters.^ The homeless fugitives from the Niagara were 
also dependent upon the over-taxed commissariat. While his armed 
force numbered les^ than two thoasand, between seven and eight 

1. Drummo.KltoPrevost,Feb.S; 2. Riall to D''»'"™0"^ ^I'}.'<=h IS ; .3; Drmnniond to P^ 
5 ; 4. Drummond to Pievost, .January 2.5. " The -rop u. the N.a-ara Dis net is '^horthuthk there 
will be enough for the Right Division if that at Long Point is collected in time ; o. Diuinn.ond to Pre- 
vost, Feb. 8 



tliousand rations were issued daily. Already, in the month of Janu- 
ary, it liecame evident that the supply of meat would soon be exhausted, 
and Drummond lie(;an to entertain serious apprehensions that he 
would he compelled to aI)andon all that part of the Province lyin^ 
west of Kingston, from sheer want of food. Nor was the situation at 
the latter post nuich more encouraging. Five thousand rations were 
con.sumed there every day, and on the oth Apiil there remained but 
sixteen barrels of flour in store. In fact his embarrassments in this 
respect were (piite as great as those of the Duke of Wellington during 
the Peninsular war, who was so much engaged with this vital ques- 
tion of food and supplies that he was accustomed to say that he did 
not know whether he was much of a general but he felt certain that 
he was a tirst-rate conniiissariat officer. Although a vote of censure 
had been ju.st passed on his predecessor in the Government by the 
Legislative Assembly of the Province, for having proclaimed martial 
law for the purpose of supplying his troops from the country, Drum- 
mond was then compelled by danger of alisolute starvation to resort 
to it again, though with great anxiety and reluctance, as the inhabi- 
tants did not appear willing to part with their produce at any price. 
His efforts to induce the western Indians to remove to Lower Canada 
were unsuccessful, as well as his endeavors to persuade the Six 
Nations to return to their deserted farms on the Grand River. The 
inefficiency of the militia from want of discipline and defective equip- 
ment, as well as lack of competent officers, having become manifest, 
he directed the enlistment of a battalion of four hundred men from 
among them to serve during the war, with the intention of permitting 
the remainder to bestow their undivided attention upon their ordinary 
pursuits, except in the event of a levy rn masse to repel actual in- 
va.sion. Captain William Robinson, of the 8th, was appointed lieu- 
tenant-colonel, and Captain James Kerby, of the Lincoln Militia, 
major, of this corps. The ranks were rapidly tilled up with stalwart 
young recruits, and it Mas armed and exercised as a battalion of light 
infantry, under the title of the Incorporated Militia. Several captur- 
ed field-guns and tund»ii]s weie fitted for active service, and supplies 
<»f grain and flour diligently collecte<l in vai'ious parts of the country 
\''iv tlif sup)»ort of the forces in the field. ^ 

It seemed evident that a fivsh attempt at invasion would not 
long be delayed. Ameiicaii newspaper's clamored for the speedy 
reco\ery (jf Fort Niagara. Late in January Black Rock was re- 
occupied by tlieir troo])S, and they began to annoy the British post at 
Foi-t Krie by the fire of artillery fi'om l»attei-ies there.- At the same 
time they Were repcjrted to be buiMing large ])arracks ujton Lewiston 
Heights, several miles inland. The suUsecpient moveuiciit of a larrre 

1. hriiiiminnil lo l'if\<ist. Mrinli -.vt : •„'. I>niiijinoiid to Prevost, l\\>. I. 



9 

body of troops from Sackett's Harbor in that direction was ahiiost 
immediately revealed to the connnanilant at lvinu;ston In' deserters, 
and General Riall was placed on his (^uard. Severe cold weather, 
accompanied by heavy falls of snow dnrino- the latter part of March, 
ilelayed the progress of defensive works ah-eady connnenced by the 
British, and early in April General Riall sallied out from Fort Niaf(- 
ara and levelled with the ground the earthworks which had been 
erected by the Americans the previous year along the right bank of 
the river from its mouth to Lewiston, fearing that they might V»e 
occupied by his adversaries.^ A deserter, who came in a few days 
later, reported that seven thousand soldiers were already assend)led 
near Buffalo. The difficulties of the situation daily increased, and 
the prospect for the future liecame more discoui-aging. A great 
council of the Indians of Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan, was convened 
by American agents at Dayton, and those present were informed that 
the}' must take up arms against the British or be treated as enemies 
of the United States. Each warrior was promised a sti])end of 
se^•enty-five cents a day, and their wives and children woidd be re- 
tained as hostages. The Delawares, . Senecas, Shawanees, and 
Wyandots joined in the war dance and were directed to assendjle at 
Detroit.- Similar steps were taken to enlist the tribes of New York 
and Pennsylvania in the movement against Canada. ^Marauding 
parties from Detroit made frequent inroads into the Western District, 
carrying off the loyal inhabitants and destroying the settlements at 
Delaware and Point aux Pins. In the middle of May, eight hundred 
Americans conveyed in six ships of war made a descent upon Port 
Dover, and burned the entire village, turning the inhabitants out of 
doors in the midst of a chilling storm of rain and sleet.'* They then 
proceeded up the lake, destroying the mills near the coast, with the 
grain collected for grinding, as they went. At the same time it l)e- 
came known that another squadron of eight sail, filled with troops, 
had passed into Lake Huron with the intention of attacking Mackinac, 
the only post yet retained by the British in the west. The available 
store of grain and fiour was much diminished by these incursion.s. 
Fresh meat was not to be had. The Indians daily consumed twice 
as much flour as the whole of the troops."* In the small garrison of 
Fort Erie alone, not much exceeding one hundred persons, no less 
than sixty-nine cases of ague were reported in a single week. The 
Provincial Dragoons had become almost unfit for service from the 
miserable condition of their ill-fed and overworked horses. If Com- 
modore Chauncey should succeed in getting out upon the lake with 
the formidable frigate he had recently launched at Sackett's Harl)or, 

1. Dnimmond to Prevost, Maich 31, April 13 ; 2. Hildreth's History, f. S. ; 3. Pittstxirj? Mercury ; 
4. Druinniond to Prevost, April 20. 



10 

tilt.' AiiiL-ricans wtaiM cjlitain as undisputed control of Lake Ontario 
as they alri'a<ly possessed of the upper lakes. 

Upon the prorogation of the Asseinhly on the 18th March, 
l)runnn(jnd returned to Kini^ston and threw himself with great vigor 
into the hdK)r of providing for the defence of the Province. Every 
st)ldier tliat could be of the slightest use was set to work in the ship- 
yard, and two new 'frigates of the largest class were launched and 
made ready for the sea, while the American fleet would be yet unalilc 
to leave port for some weeks. Having thus o1)tained a decided 
superiority on Lake Ontario, he desired jiermission to attack the 
enemy's shijis in their stronghold at Sackett's Harbor. But tin- 
Governor-General flatly i-efused to send him troops to enable him to 
undei'take the expedition. " It is by war}' measures and occasional 
daiing enterprises, with apparently disproportionate means," he re- 
plied, "that the war has been sustained, and from that policy I am 
not disposed to depart." 

However, on the oth May, Drunnnond made a successful dash 
from Kingston upon the naval dejjot at Oswego, which he took and 
destroyed, and Sir James Yeo immediately established a strict 
blockade of Sackett's Harbor. The cflect of these operations was to 
delay the equipment of the Amo'ican squadron for several Aveeks, 
and ccmsequently retard their invasion of Canada by ^YaJ of the 
Niagara frontier. Early in i\ray the troops intended for this purpose 
liad begun to assemble at Buflalo, where a camp of instruction was 
inniiediately formed under the connnand of Brigadier-General Win- 
fleld Scott, one of the most talented and best trained oflficei's in the 
Ignited States army. It w^as proposed that the force enq)loyed should 
consist of not less than five tliousand regular soldiers, and tliree 
thousand militia drawn f i-om the Statesof New York and Pennsylvania. 
The cavalry and artillery were re-organized, and the enlistment of 
three new regiments of riflemen authorized. To encourage recruiting, 
a Ijounty of Si 24 was oflered to each person enlisting.^ Most of the 
infantry regiments selected had served throughout the preceding 
canqjaigns. and consequently liad seen quite as much active warfare as 
most of the ti'oops that were likely to be opposed to them. 

The spi-ing elections had ]ir(jsti-ated the Federal party in New 
^ <ji-k,and the (Jovernoi- had at last a free hand. The Senate readil}' 
passed a bill authoi-izing the enlistment of 4,000 state troops to serve 
one year. The general order ])roviding for the etpiipment of the 
New Vork cfjntingent was issue<l in Mai'ch.anil authorized the organ- 
ization of two infantry ivginients of ten conq^jinies each, consisting 
of lOS oMicers and men, an<l an indepen<lent battalion, com])()seil of 
<»ii<' coiiqjany of I'iMes. two of light iiifanti-y, and one of mounted I'ifles, 

I IIIMlrth 



11 

forming' a brit^JKle of 2,562 of all ranks, under Major ( Jcneral Pctur 11 
Porter, recently a congressman from the Niagara District of Xew 
York, and one of the chief })ronioters of the war. For two UKinths 
and a half both regulars and militia were constantly exercised in 
battalion and brigade drill from seven .to ten hours a day, until 
they were considered to have attained a remarkable degree of 
efHcieney. The French sj^stem of field exercise was adoptetl,and, asa 
proof of their rapidity in man(euvring, it is stated that Scott's l)i-igade 
of four full battalions was able to execute an entire change of front 
to either flank in three minutes and a half.^ 

The Pennsylvania detachment, numbering about 000 men, uiuh'i- 
Colonel Fenton, participated in the descent upon Port Dover, and diil 
not arrive at Buiialo till late in June. Gen. P. B. Porter proceede<l to 
Onondaga, the ancient council place of the Six Nations, and solicited 
the assistance of those tribes in the proposed invasion of Canada. 
This was proniised readily enough, and a council was convened at 
Bufl'alo to ratify the engagement. All the nations except the Mohawks 
were represented at this meeting, and Le Fort, an Onondaga, was 
elected principal war chief. Mainly through the exertions of the 
celel)rated Seneca chief Red Jacket, upwards of six hundred Indians 
were assembled to share in the expedition, some of them coming from 
the distant St. Regis village on the borders of Lower Canada, under 
the command of a chief wh(j was given the rank of colonel in the 
United States army." 

While these extensive preparations for an invasion were in ])ro- 
gress, Drummond was anxiously but fruitlessly urging Sir George 
Prevost to reinforce the British forces in that quarter without delay. 
His repeated warnings were to a very great extent unheeded by the 
Governor, who had his attention fixed upon the numerous American 
army massed upon the shores of Lake Cham|)lain. Pencilled n])on 
the inargin of Drummond 's letter of June 21st, IS] 4, exin-essing his 
firm belief that the main attack would be made on the Niagara, and 
that the movement of troops towards Plattsl)urg was simply a feint to 
pre\ent reinforcements from being despatched fi-om Lower Canada 
to his assistance, there may be yet seen this significant memorandum 
in the handwriting of his irritable superior: "Much obligeil to 
Lieut.-Gen. Drummond for his opinion, but it is entireh* without 
foundation." Thus Drummond was forced to rely for the time lieing 
upon the troo]DS already in the Upper Province. As soon as nju-iga- 
tion opened he reinforced General Riall with the 103rd regiment, 
and a small company of marine artillery. Even after the arrival of 
these troops, the streniith of the right division of the army in rj)j).'i- 
Canada, distributed from York (Toronto) to Long Point upon Lake 

1. Albany Ai-ffus ; 2. Hubbard, Red Jackft, Hough Hisr. St. Lawi-cr.cc Co. 



12 



Erie (lid not much exceed 4,000 effectives of all arms.* It was 
deemed necessary for the protection of York and Burlington against 
a su<lden descent by water, to maintain an entire battalion at each of 
those ])Osts. Both tlanks of the petition on the Niagara were easily 
assailable by an enemy having command of the lakes, and the attack 
u])on the settlements at Port Dover had justly aroused General 
Kiairs apprehensions lest a strong force should be landed there and 
gain his rear by the western road. Having undisputed command of 
Lake Erie, an invading army might also be landed at Point Abino, 
or Sugar Loaf, from both of which places practicaVde roads led to 
the Niagara, and the successful pursuit of General Proctor the pre- 
ceding autumn, as well as the recent inroads from Detroit, had 
demonstrated the possil)ility of the rapid advance of a body of 
mounted men and light infantry by way of the Thames. Therefore 
it became necessary to watch all these routes to guard against sur- 
prise. Lieut.-Col. Hamilton, with the headquarter Aving of the 100th, 
was stationed at Dover, and detachments of light infantry and 
dragoons were posted at Delaware, Oxford, and the crossing of the 
Grand River (Brantford.) The actual force available for the defence 



"Weekly distribution return of ■22nd Jiuie, 1814. 

FORT SIAOARA. 

staff 21 

Koval Artillery .- 13 

K. M. .Artillery 35 

sth 1 

KXith (il-:' 



FORT F.RIK AND DEPF.NDEN'CIE.S. 

19th Dragoons 25 

Royal Ensineere 1 

RoVal .\rtillerv 32 

8tli ■ P7 



082 



165 



Sick 



LONG POINT AND DEPF-NDKNCIES. 



FORT OEOROE AND OEPENIJENCIES. 

lilth T»ra(,'Oons 33 

Provincial Dragoons 21 

Koval Enifineers 1 

Koval Artillery 23 

K. .M. Artillery 38 

K. A. Drivers . . 3 

.Militia Artillery 2 

Nt Koval Scots 762 

l(«rd " 140 

Colored Corps 25 



10th Dragoons 63 

Vrovincial Dragoons 15 

103rd 214 

Kent Volunteers 47 

339 
Sick 6 



Sick, 



1050 
, 10<i 



Bl'RLINGTO.V. 

Provincial Dragoons 3 

Roval Artillery .....' 19 

R. A. Drivers ' 17 

103rd 417 



(Jl'EESSTON AND DEPENDENCIES. 

loih Dragoons 9 

Koval Artillery 40 

K. "a. Drivei-s 20 

l8t Koyal Scots 222 



Sick 



4.56 
23 



Sick . 



IIIIPPAWA AND DEPENDENCIES. 

loth Dragoons 

Koyal Artillery. 

.Militia .Vrtillery . 

K. A. KriviTs " 

-tl: 



291 

8 



YORK. 

R. A. Drivers 11 

Koyal .\rtillery 13 

Koyal Engineers 20 

1st" Royals tJ 

Sth •* 

4l8t 572 

19th • 1 

looth 1 

Koyal NHd 2 

Im'orporated Militia 406 



Sick 



103C 
. 53 



13 

of the Niagara was thus reduced to less than 2,<S()() regular soHdcrs, 
300 niihtia, and 150 Indians, distribute* I along a i'rontiei- oi" thirty-six 
miles, besides furnishing a garrison for Fort Niagara.' Slight tiel<l- 
works had been constructed at Chippawa and Queenston, and a new 
redoubt built at Niagara to command the mouth of the i-iver, at tii-st 
named Fort Riall, but subse(iuently known as Fort Mississauga.- 
When these works and Forts Erie and (Jcoi-ge were pro];)erly gai'ri- 
soned scarcely seven liundred men remainiMl a\-aila])le for field 
operations. Many of the soldiers still nominally- etieetive wen- .so 
enfeebled by disease, exposure, and fatigue in watching such an ex- 
tended line, that they had really become unfit for active ser\'ice. Tlie 
surgeon of the 8th reconnnended that the battalion of that regiment, 
then stationed at Chippawa and Niagara Falls, should be immediately 
removed, as the hospitals were full, and nearly every man in it ha<l 
been down with dysentery or intermittent fe\-er within twelve 
months.^ The Royal Scots had suH'ered nearly as much in the same 
way. Writing from Kingston to Sir George Prevost, Drummond 
thus summed up the situation : " One of the best regiments is shut 
up in Fort Niagara, another decidedly inefficient, and a third expected 
to be so if cimipelled to take the field."* Late in June hedetermine«l 
to relieve the (Sth by the 41st, and sent forwai'd the Incoi'porated 
Militia to the frontier, but was unable to remo\e the Royals as he 
desired to do. 

Deserters who came intt) the British lines agreed in representing 
that an attack was imminent, and reported that the ardor of the New 
York Militia had been much increased by the distril)utK)n ^f hand- 
bills announcing that the Emperor of the French had gained a great 
victory near Paris, in which he had taken the soveivigns of Austria. 
Prussia, and Russia, and 40,000 prisoners. A stpiadron of nine ai-med 
vessels had been assembled at Buffalo, and the enemy were descriljed 
as collecting boats in Tonawanda Creek, with the intention, it was 
conjectured, of crossing the river below Grand Island. A party of 
Indians, under Captains Caldwell- and Elliott, was then sent out fn^m 
Fort Niagara in the hope of penetrating their designs, but although 
they ranged the country for a dozen miles and burned a large new- 
barracks upon Lewiston Heights, they failed to discover anything .)r 
importance. Owing to this uncertainty respecting his enemy s ni- 
tentions, General Riall was obliged to retain the greater part of his 
field force at Chippawa and Queenston, and leave his right wnig com- 
paratively weak. In Fort Erie there was a garrison of 125 men. very 
ineffective from sickness. Colonel Pearson, with a detachment of 
Lincoln Militia, the light companies of the Royals and 100th, watched 

1. James 2. Capt. Martin to Prevost, July 3. 3. Drummo.id to Prevost, May 21. 4. Drumnnnd to 
Prevost, July 4. 



u 

ihr river from its head to Chippawa, where live companies of the 
lOOth were posted. The 103rd was at Burlington, the Glengarry 
Liii'ht Infantry at York, and tlie 8th had heiiun its march to Lower 
Canada, in the liope of regaining- health. Both in the Second Bat- 
talion of the 4Lst and the l{)8rd there were several companies of mere 
boys, and the majority of these corps were so youthful or otherwise 
inefficient that they had heen retained in garrison during the wdiole of 
the previous year. 

Many of the disloyal inhabitants had fled from the Province 
during the two preceding years : others had been taken into custody, 
and most of those who refused to take the oath of allegiance were 
sent into the United States. " It is but justice to say," Drummond • 
remarked, "that by far the greater part of the inhabitants are well 
disposed, and many have on various occasions manifested their 
loyalty to the service Vy their actions in the field. Those chiefly 
who have shown an opposite disposition" are such as from time to 
time have crept into the Province from the neighboring States and 
settled on lands purchased from individuals." 

A considerable number of the Lincoln Militia had been paroled 
by the enemy during their occupation of portions of the district in 
1813, and could not be again required to serve during the war. The 
general proposed to increase the Incorporated battalion to 900 men 
by the draft of one-fourteenth of the male population capable of bear- 
ing arms. But he was decidedly opposed to the employment of the 
remainder in military service, except when forced to do so by the 
most iiyperative necessity. " I regret," he said, that our present 
circumstances should render it necessary to call up(m the yeomanry 
of the country for their services in the field while their farms must 
lie neglected, especially when produce and provisions of every kind 
have Ijecome very scarce and extravagantly dear, and it is with 
diflficulty the commissariat are able to procure the necessary supplies. 
These considerations would induce me most willingly to dispense with 
the military for the domestic services of the militia if our regular 
forces here were such as to enable me to do so."^ 

Of all these circumstances the enemy were fairly well informed. 
A careful estimate in April placed the British regular force on the 
Niagara frontier at 1,!)4() men.-' Since the opening of navigation one 
of their armed vessels li.-id cruised day and night along the north 
shore of Lake Erie, constantly landing and taking ott' spies. 

At this opportune moment, the American army was skilfully 
disend>ark('(l under cover of the guns of a brig of war and two 
scliooners. without the slightest t)pposition, in two divisions, one 

1. Letter to Lord Bafhurbt, March 20,1814, 2. Niles' Register, 1M4 ; Royals, 780 ; 8th, 500; 41st, 
.■;iHi ; .\ililler,v, Iflli ; lirairoons, KHI ; Colored Oonipanv, 100. 



r- 



15 

above and the other a short ilistance l.clow Kort Krii-, at daylirrak 
on the 8r(l July. Tlunr movements wrvr veiled l.y a hea\y fi);^-. and 
a picket of the lOth Dra^-oons had hiU-ely time to esca|)e. The 
regular force of the invading army coiisiste<l of the nth, lltli, l!ith, 
21st, 22nd, and 25th United States Infantry, part of the 2nd Hi Hes, 
a squadron of cavalry, and four companies of ai'tillfry, numhering be- 
tween four and five thousand of all ranks, and fonning two brigades, 
under Generals Scott and Ripley. The militia and Indians. com])()s- 
ing a third brigade, imder the conunan<l of (Jeneral Porter, it is 
probable exceeded two thousand.^ The entire force was commanded 
by Major-General Jacob Brown, formerly an officer in the New Voi-k 
Militia, who had gained much celebrity among his countrymen l)y his 
success, or rather his good fortune, in the defence of Sackett's Harbor 
the year liefore, and had been rewarded by a commission in the 
United States army. His military knowledge was so .slight that 
General Wilkinson asserted that he was unable to post the guards (jf 

1. Porter to Go\. Tompkins, 3rd July, 1S14. Mr. Adams furnishes the followin- return, which, how- 
ever, is evidently incomplete : 

Monthlv return, 30th June, 1814. 

1st. BR1G.4DE. 

Present for Duty. Airsreu'ate 

Present and 
N. C. O. and men. Otficers. Absent. 

9th 332 16 «4-2 

mh 416 17 S-7 

"nd . 217 1-2 287 

isth.;;, ::."::::.;;:. 354 le ew 

General staff _^ _* 

1319 65 n-29 
2n'd rrioade. 

.,lsr 651 25 917 

General StaflE _" ' 

~im 35 1415 

iiindman's hattalion' ok artillery. 

Towson's Company 89 j ^^^ 

Biddle's Company °" -J 15 j33 

Ritchie's Company J6 I _-^ 

Williams' Company 6- V '^ 



STRKXOTII, 1st JlLY, 1814. 

Artillery 330 15 413 

Y'^i''^^'^' '99I 36 1415 

2nd Brigade X?X ,■> .sso 

Porters Brigade • '10 ^ ^ 




162.— Doty Hist., Livingstone County. 



16 

a camp correctly, and tul<l a (]ueei* story of his planting a battery in a 
hollow for the advantage of elevating tlie guns to lire at the heights 
altove. But he was undoubtedly brave and energetic. Ripley was 
another active politician, who had been speaker of the Massachusetts 
Asseiidjl}', but Scott and most of the field officers were professional 
scjldiers. 

Brown's instructions directed him to force his way to Burlington, 
leaving the forts at the mouth of the river on one side and severing 
their communications with York. Having gained the head of the 
lake, he was to await there the arrival of Connnodore Chauncey's 
s(|uadron, when he ^^'as given discretionary authority to invest and 
reduce the British forts or move directly upon Kingston, as circum- 
stances might seem to direct. 

The views and expectations of the Secretary of War are described 
in a letter to the President on the 30th April, in which he says : — 
" Eight, or even six, thousand men landed in the bay between Point 
Abino and Fort Erie and operating eithei" on the line of the Niagara 
or Uiore directly, if a more direct route is found, against the British 
]iost at the head of Burlington Bay, cannot be resisted with eflect 
without compelling the enemy so to weaken his more eastern posts as 
to bring them within reach of our means at Sackett's Harbor and 
Plattsl)urg." 

In the letter, June 10, which actually put Br^jwn's army in motion, 
he informed that officer that the Secretary of the Navy was of the 
opinion that Chauncey's s([uadron would not be ready to -co-ouerate 
before the loth July, but, he added: '" To give, however, immediate 
occupation to your troops, and to prevent their blood from 
stagnating, why not take Fort Erie and its garrison, stated at three or 
four hundred men ? Land between Point Abino and Erie in the 
night : assail the fort by land and water ; jnish forward a corps to 
seize the bridge at Chippawa : and be gcn-erned by circumstances in 
either sto{>ping there or going farther. Boats nniy follow and fee<l 
you. If the enemy concentrates his whole force on this line, as I 
think he will, it will not exceed two thousand men." 

Not a shot had been tired while the invaders were landing. Foi't 
Erie was inunediately invested, and although Drunnnond had con- 
fidently anticijated that an invading army would be detained several 
days before it, the conunandant sun-endeivd the same evening. A 
battalion of United States lifles, accompanied by a strong body of 
militia, ap])t'ai'('d simultaneously upon Li'wiston Heights, alteiuiately 
menacing (.^ueenstcju and Fort Niagara. 

A(hancing to reconnoitre with his light troops, Pearson found the 
Americans pij.sted in force U];on the heights opposite Black Rock, and 
next day he was steadily pushe<ll)ack In' their advance, destroying the 



17 

l)ri(U^es upon the rocid af< he retired. These were rajdMly reluiilt \>y 
liis pursuers, wlu) encamped for the nig-ht within sioht of tiie British 
tiel<l-works at Chippawa. General Brown was apjiar^'Utly well in- 
formed respectino' the movements and nundters of his ()p))onent. foi- 
lie estimated that Riall could not brini;' UKjre than a thousaml nirn 
into the field, and his advance was conducted with the c.inHdeiice en- 
oendered by consciousness of an overwhelming- numerical supei-iority. 
Although the march was a continual skirmish, his advance-guard was 
])ushed boldh'' onward, and l)rushed tlie opjMjsing light troops out of 
its path with ease. Proclamations were distribute<l among the inhabi- 
tants assuring them that "All pei'sons demeaning themselves peaceal)Iy 
and pursuing their private business should be treated as friends." 
Major-General Phineas Riall, the British commander, was an 
officer of twenty years standing, yet had seen little actual warfare. 
He is described as a short, stout, near-sighted man, of an impetuous 
temperament, and rashly brave. Five companies of the Royals wei'e 
hurried forward b}" him to Chippawa, and a message despatched f<jr 
the instant recall of the 8tli. That battalion had alivady reache<l 
York before it was overtaken, and did not arrive at Niagara until tlie 
morning of the 5th. Riall was accordingly compelled to await the 
approach of the invaders at Chippawa, instead of assailing them upon 
their march, as he had at first intended. Reconnoitering their positi(»n 
on the morning of the 5th, he estimated theii- force in sight at 2.()()0 
men, and the cSth having come u]) about noon, he determined to attack 
them without further tlelay. I'hroughout the morning the British 
light troops and cavahy were busy. They drove in a strong picket- 
guard, capturing a wounded man and besieging the remainder in a 
farm house until relieved. Parties of scouts passed (juite around the 
American camp, and their reports induced the belief that the main 
Tiody of their army had not yet come up. Riall had then three skele- 
ton battalions of infantr}', numbering 1.300 raidv and file, a ti-oop of 
the 19th Dragoons, six pieces of field artillery, 800 Indians and about 
the same number of Lincoln Militia.^ In the meantime the Amei-i- 
cans in his front had been joined by Ripley's entire brigade and the 
greater part of Porter's, and noM' numbered nearly fi^•e thousand com- 
batants, with nine guns. They had encamped l)ehin"d Street's Creek, 
a sliallow stream less than twenty yards in width at its mouth, and 
everywhere easily fordable. A tract of cultixated land in their front, 
divided into fields by ordinary log or brushwood fences, extended from 
the river to dense woods on the left, a distance of less than half a 
mile. Near the Chippawa. a thin belt of trees stretched down almo.^t 
to the water's edge, partially concealing the movements of either army 
from the other. 

1. Kiall to Driiminond, .lul.v 6. 



18 

Late ill the afternoon Riall provoked the attention of his adver- 
sary l)y pusliin^- forward a detachment of tlie 2nd and 3rd Lincohi, 
under Lieut.-Col. Dickson, and the whole body of Indians, led by Capt. 
John Norton, to occupy the wood.s on the flank of his position. Brown 
promptly <lespatched a portion of Porter's brigade to drive them back. 
Finding that they ottered an obstinate resistance, and were even 
gaining ground, he continued to support Porter with fresh troops 
until some 1,300 militia and Indians were engaged on his part. The 
skii'mish lasted half an hour, in the usual Indian fashion, with a great 
ileal of tiring and very little bloodshed, when, perceiving themselves 
outnumbered, the British Indians began to retire. The three light in- 
fantr}^ companies of regulars were then sent forward to their assist- 
ance. Being well versed in this kind of warfare from the experience 
of former campaigns, they concealed themselves in the thickets and 
awaited the approach of the Americans until they arri\'ed within a 
few yards. A single heavy Nolley, pealing through the woods, thrcAV 
them into utter confusion. They were, at the same time, fiercely 
assailed in flank by the militia and Norton's Indians, and driven 
quite through the rank's of the company of regulars formed in reserve 
beyond Street's Creek, and did not rally until the 25th U. S. Infantry 
and a sijuadron of tlragoons were sent to their support. Several 
prisoners, among them three tield-officers of the Pennsylvania regi- 
iiK'iit ami a Cayuga chief, were taken, and flfteen Indians and a number 
of militia left dead on the fleld.^ Le Fort, himself, was mortally 
wounded, and Dochstader, chief of the Oneidas, was among the killed. 
Towards the close of this contest Col. Dickson of the Lincoln 
militia was wounded and the connnand of his battalion, which 
had beha\-eil very gallantly and sustained a comparatively heavy loss, 
d<*\olved on Major David Secord, a veteran of the Revolution. Mean- 
while Kiall had passed the Chippawa with his entire force, and ad- 
\anced three guns to engage the American artillery, which had taken 
up a position to command the road in their front. Observing this, 
Scott's brigade ileflled across the bridge, and deploying under fire with 
remarkabk' steadiness and precision formed beyond the creek, while 
Ri])ley forded the sti-eam higher U|) and ])rolcmged their line of battle 
t) the edge of the woods. The Britisji artillery was pushed gradually 
forward until within four hundred yaids of their antagonists, and 
begun the action with great sjtii'it. Tin\'i' guns of Towson's battery 
replie(l, l)ut one i.f them was speedily tlismounted, and the others 
seemed in a fair way of Ijcing driven out of action, when one of the 
Britisli tumbrils was struck by a shell and blew u]), disabling several 
men and horses besides causing great conrusion and <lepriviiig them 
of mticli of their ti.ved aniimuiition.'- 

1. While, I.otKinir, Stone, i. Capt. .Mackonochie to Maj.-<ieii. Glasgow, Aua. 19. 



19 

In consequence of this unfortunate event CJeneral Riall was 
(obliged to bring forward his infantry prematurely to tlie relief of the 
guns, which were then menaced from the right by a battalion of 
infantr}^ Forming six companies of the Royal Scots and fIvL' com- 
panies of the 100th into two columns, parallel with each other, and 
placing a light tield piece upon each Hank and one in the interval, 
he led them in person against the centre of his opponent's ]Dosition, 
The 8th, enfeebled by disease and wearied by its long march, was 
held in reserve. Each of these battalions, their light companies 
havino- been detached, numbered less than four hun<lred i-ank and 
tile. Scott's brigcide alone thus very materially outnaudti'ix'd the 
force about to attack it. 

By the time this formation had been completed, the whole of the 
American field artillery had been brought into action, and the British 
guns were almost reiUiced to silence. Their j^ieces were then shotted 
with canister, and turned upon the advancing colunnis, while the 9th 
and 11th regiments, forming the wings of their line, were wheeled 
iuAvards and overlapped them on either flank. ^ As socm as the Bi-itish 
approached within musketry range they were assailed by a fierce and 
incessant fusilade. Losing heavily at every step, they moved 
steadily forward until within two hundred yards of then' adversaries, 
when the}^ received the command to charge. The field here was 
intersected by deep furrows and covered with tall grass, which 
greatly impeded their movements and rendered their footing uncer- 
tain. Lieut.-Col. Gordon and the Marquis of Tweeddale fell desper- 
ately wounded at the head of their battalions. Xearly every field- 
ofiicer was struck down. The men fell in heaps under the scathing 
fire of the enemy. As they moved forward the American artillery 
literally tore great gaps through their ranks, which for some time 
were steadily closed up. But finally the survivors were involved in 
inextricable confusion, and began to straggle to the rear when within 
about eighty yards of the enemy's position. Riall exposed himself 
recklessly, and yet escaped unhurt, although his clothing was pierced 
with several bullets, but all his ettbrts to re-form the ranks in the face 
of that murderous fire were unavailing. The Sth was brought up to 
cover the retreat, which was accomplished in tolerable order, as the 
Americans showed little inclination t<j follow up their advantage. 
Most of the dead and many of the severely wounded were left 
upon the field, and the guns were removed only by the gallant exer- 
tions of some troopers of the 19th Dragoons, who attached their own 
horses to the carriages, and rode ofi" with them in the teeth of the 
enemy. 

The easy triumph of the Americans was mainly due to the 

1. Major Hindman to Gen. Hrown : Lossiiiff. 



20 

vxc't'llent practice of their artilleiy, althouo-li their great superiority in 
mnnbers "vvas no doubt an important factor in tlieir success.^ Judging 
from its loss, Ripley's brigade Avas scarceh' engaged, and Porter's, as 
we liave seen,Avas beaten entirely out of action at a very early perio<l. 
Their loss was variousl}^ stated, and probably did not exceed four 
hundred of all ranks. Col. Campbell, the destroj^er of Poi-t Dover, 
was mortally wounded. On the other hand, General Riall lost up- 
wards of five hundred, of whom two-fifths were killed oi" missing. 
Of nineteen officers of the 100th who went into the action, fourteen 
were killed or disabled, with one hundred and ninety non-commis- 
sioned officers and men. Onl}' 140 unwounded men of this battalion 
returned from the field. Lj^ons' company, posted on the extreme left 
of the line and directly in front of the enemy's principal 1 tatterj^. went 
into action with thirtj^-five officers and men, of whom onl}' six escaped 
unhurt.- 

The seven companies of tlie Royals sufiered still more severeh', 
eleven officers and two hundred and seven rank and file feeing returned 
as killed, wounded and missing. Altogether these t^vo battalions lost 
four hundred and twent3^-two officers and men out of a total of only 
nine hundred and fifty. Among the killed was Capt. Bailey, who had 
greatly distinguished himself at the assault of Fort Niagara. On the 
whole, Rialls force was reduced by more than one-third.^ The loss 
sustained by the Lincoln Militia indicates that the}' fought with equal 
stubbornness. Six officers and forty men were returned as killed or 
wounded out of 110 actually engaged. Captains John Rowe, formerly 
a sergeant in Butler's Rangers, and George Turney, the son of a 
veteran officer in the same corps, were among the slain. 

Two days later the British general was compelled to destroy his 
works and al>andon his position upon the left bank of the Chippawa 
in consecjuence of a turning movement directed against his right fiank. 
The redoul:)t at Queenston was likewise evacuated, and he leisurely 
retired upon Fort George. He had already been deserted by nearly 
the whole of his Indians, and b}^ many of the militia, who were 
alarmed for safetj' of their families.* They were directed to collect 
theii- cattle and re-assend>le at Burlington, Avhich most of them suc- 
cee<led in doing. Already pi-ovisions had begun to fail and the gar- 
risons were placeil on half allowance. Parties were sent out to scour 
the countr}' and drive cattle into Fort George under the guidance of 
twenty otKcers of the Lincoln regiments. The invading forces ad- 
vance«l t<^ the sunnuit of Queenston Heights, whence they menace<l 
tlie British position. Here they i-emained perfectly inactive for 
several (hiys. (Jn the night of the 12th 3Iajoi- Evans advanced M'ith 

1. WilkinBon's .Moinoirs. 2. Kiilout Letters. 3. l)niiuiiioii<l to I'levost, J\ily 13 4. Uiall to 
Ilruiniiiond, .Inly H. 



21 

Sadlier'K company of the Sth, numbonng only thirty-four rank and 
iile, to reconnoitre their outposts, in the hope of takin<,^ a few i)ris- 
oners. His retreat was intercepted by General Swift, of the Xew 
York Militia, with one hundred and twenty volunteers, who was also 
upon a scouting expedition, and a sharp skirmish took jjlaee, in which 
Evans lost six men and the American leader was killed.^ The move- 
ments of his opponent next morning led Riall to believe that an 
attempt would be made upon the depot at Burlington, and having 
increased the garrisons of the three forts at the mouth (if the river to 
1,554 effectives,* he resumed his retreat towards the head of the lake 
with only S3G officers and men of all arms, while the Amei-icans at 
Queenston were tiring minute-guns for their dead general.- The 
same day Colonel Henry Scott advanced from Burlington with six 
hundred of the 108rd, leaving the two boy-companies and some in- 
valids and militia in garrison there, and joined Kiall at the Twenty 
Mile Creek, where the united force encamped ujion the lieights. 

Tlu! prospect of a successful defence of the forts, if resolutely 
attacked, was not assuring. Fort George possessed no means of re- 
sisting an assault beyond a single Ijad row of pickets, and certainly 
could not have repelled the force under General Brown's counnand had 
he ventured to attack it. The others could then be easily i-educed in 
succession by bondjardment.^ 

For more than a week Brown lingered on tlie l)row of Queen- 
ston " mountain," gazing anxiously out upon the 1 )lue waters of the 
lake below, in the vain hope of catching a glimpse of Chauncey's 
squadron speeding to his assistance. From time to time his columns 
wound down into the plain and crept within distant cannon-.shot of 
the batteries of Fort Georo-e.and as often retired to their tents ay;ain 
without accomplishing anything. During all this time they did not 
even succeed in establishing an etfective blockade of the British works. 
Upon one occasion two British field-guns gallopeil out of Fort 
George and shelled their rear-guard, and the same day five of their 
cavalry videttes were surprised and carried otf by militia lurking in 
the woods along their line of march. The women and children in the 
farm houses and fields by the wayside conspired to mislead and bafHe 
the detachments sent in pursuit. 

Meanwhile a lev^y enriyix'^c of the militia from Long Point to the 
Bay of Quinte had been proclaimed, and. in a few days Ri;dl was 
joined by upwards of a thousand men of different liattalions, •many 
of them fine serviceable fellows," but badly aiuned and undiscipline<i. 
A goodly number of these marched in from the London district. 
Those who had temporarily deserted him rapidly recovered from their 

1. Evans to Riall, .July 13. 2. Royals, 320 ; Sth, 2ii.i ; Iiicorporatefl Militia. 31il ; three <i-|.oiiiuIers, one 
5iinch howitzer, Riall to Drutiimond, July 15. 3. Riall to Druinniond, .July 12. 
^Fort George, 733 ; Missassauya, 4i.4 ; Niagara, (J47 ; sick, 124. 



22 

])anie, aiul a consitleraijle nuiuber of stragglers Avas cut off by them in 
the A-icinity of Queenston and St. DaA'ids, and mnny deserters were 
brought into the Britisli lines. On the other hand, the course of the 
American militia and Indians was marked by pillage and rapine. 
"The whole [)opulation is against us," wrote JMajor McFarland of the 
28rd U. S. Infantrj-. "Not a foraging part}- goes out but is tired on, 
and frequentl}' returns with diminished nund3ers. This state was to 
have been anticipated. The militia and Indians have plundered and 
burnt everything." Much to their surprise they found that the 
Canadian militia were still " fervent Ijeyond parallel in the cause of 
their king and country." Willcocks' battalion of Canadian refugees 
eagerl}' seized the opportunity of wreaking summary vengeance upon 
their loyalist enemies. Old men and bo^^s were sent as ]3]-isoners to the 
United States, and women maltreated. Their example was eumlated 
by Colonel Stone's comnumd of mounted riflemen, branded as "licensed 
plunderers" by General Riall. It was even conlidenth' asserted that 
a nund^er of silver spoons were found in General SA\'ift's j^ocket after 
his death, which he had taken from a neighl^oring farm house less 
than one hour before. 

Before crossing the river. Gen. Brown had intimated that he ex- 
pected to be in a position to invest Forts George and ]\Iissassauga on 
the 10th of Jul}-. This engagement he might have fulfilled to an 
hour had the American fleet been in sight. Contrarj- to the advice 
of his engineer ofllicers, he deemed it necessary' to wait for siege-guns, 
and wrote an urgent despatch to liasten their arrival. But his letter 
found Commodore Chauncey sick in bed, and that prudent commander 
positively refused to allow the next senior ofiicer to take his sliips to 
sea. 

I'he partizan warfare daily grew keener. On tlie 15th an Ameri- 
can wagon train was attacked at Queenston, and the greater part of 
it destroyed. On the following night an outpost at Fort Erie was 
cut ofl'to a man. Next da}' the militia surprised and took a cavahy 
picket in St. Davids, Willcocks himself having a narrow escape, and 
another party nearly captured Major Mallory at Beaver Dams. On 
the 18th, wlien the main body of tlie American army was reconnoi- 
tring Fort George, they again daslieil into St. Davids and (Queenston, 
iiiaking moi-e prisoners. These incidents .so exasperated the invaders 
that u\)on tlie 10th they Ijurnt the entire village of St. Davids, con- 
tfuning some thirty or forty houses, alleging, probabh' with truth, 
that the inhaliitants had participated in the attack on theii' wagons 
and had killed an ofliccr of dragoons. This was followed up by the 
d('structi(jn of cvi-vy dwelling between Queenston and Niagara Falls. 
Tliest- proceedings were attended by such revolting conduct on the 
]>art (;f their militia under Colonel Stone, that Major McFarland, who 



23 

was sent to cover tlieir retreat, (lee]ai-e(l tliat he wouM have rt'sio-iird 
his couiinission if tlie connnandiiig Dtheer had not hccii disiiiiss('(l troiii 
the service. 

Having been joined hy several companies ol" the ( dengarry J-.ight 
Infantr}' from York, under the ever-active Fitzgibbon, Riall ad- 
vanced the same day to Ten Mile Creek with his left wing, composed 
of militia and Indians, extending as far as DeCew's Falls, and men- 
acing the rear of the American position by way of Lmuly's Lan(\ 
The entire male population immediately flew to arms, and join»Ml liim, 
actuated by a spirit of intense hostility towards the invaders. His 
scouts found their way into St. Davids, Queenston, and even Chippawa, 
harassing the enemy's pickets, and picking up stragglers. His appre- 
hensions were, however, at the same time, aroused by mysterious 
negotiations on the part of his Indians with their kinsmen in the 
American service, and a raid from Detroit upon the defenceless settle- 
ment at Port Talbot, which was ruthlessly destroyed, compellecl him to 
detach the Oxford battalion of militia and some Indians in tiiat 
direction, as a precautionary measure.^ On the 20tli, leaving ab(jut 
300 men in possession of the abandoned redoulit on Queenst(jn 
Heights, Brown advanced with the remainder of his army within two 
miles of Fort George, where he encamped and l^egan to collect 
materials for siege batteries. He appeared t(j liave entertained tlu- 
hope that by his movement, the British commander might be huluced 
to hazard another engagement with inferior numbers to relieve the 
garrison. Two da3^s later Riall succeeded in concentrating in advance 
of Twelve Mile Creek 1,700 regular troops, including tlie Glengarry 
Light Infantry and Incorporated Militia, 700 Lincoln :\Iilitia,and an 
equal mnnber of Indians, in readiness to pounce upon the flank and 
rear of his adversary should he attempt the actual investment of the 
forts. Fort George was then garrisoned by 400 of the Royal Scots 
and 2G0 of the 100th, Fort Missassauga by 290 of the Sth, a company 
of negro volunteers, and a few artillerymen and artificers, making an 
aggregate of 400 persons, while Fort Niagara was <x-cupied by 550 
men of the 41st, and fifty artillerymen. Nearly one-fourth of the 
garrisons were, however, upon the sick list, and many others too young 
to be of much service.- 

Deserters from the American army came into the British Hues 
every day, and from them it was ascertained that General Br(jwn had 
been joined by considerable reinforcements since the action at Cliip- 
pawa,and that he brought over nearly the wliole of his supplies from 
Lewiston, where he luid collected many boats, thus avoidmg the 
necessity of preserving an uninterrupted line of communicatKjns with 
Fort Erie. Reconnoitring the same afternoon with thirty picked 

1. Riall to Diummond, .Inly 17 ; Ibid, .Tulv ID. -2 Wall to Druniiiiomi, .Inly IT: ILi^l. -Mily 11. 



24 

iiicii. (.'.•qit.iiii FitzgililiDii olttaiiied an excellent view of his entire 
army spreail out in the plain below, from the sunnnit of Queenston 
Heiuhts. As he watched tlieir movements their tents were struck, 
ami their retiring colunnis tilled the )-oads, extending from De 
I'uisave 's liouse, within gun-shot of Fort Geory-e, without a l)reak to 
the village of Queenston, a distance of more than five miles. Linger- 
ing too long in his covert, he was discovered by their light troops, and 
hotly pursued almost to the British outposts upon the Ten Mile 
Creek. ^ That night the American army again encamped at Queen- 
ston, the British advance-guard was pushed forward to Four Mile 
Creek, and connuunication with the garrisons re-established. 

The sudden retirement of the invading forces is said to Jiave 
been caused by intelligence that the militia of the Province w^as rising 
en raasse with the intention of cutting ott' their retreat. The next 
morning General BroAvn received a despatch from Sackett's Harbor, 
inforniing him that the American scjuailron was still closely blockaded 
there, and he immediately retired behind the Chippawa. Relin(|uis]i- 
ing all hopes of co-operation on the part of the fleet, he stated that 
his intentions were to disencumber his army of all unnecessar}^ bag- 
gage, and having lulled his antagonist's suspicions by his abrupt retro- 
grade movement, to make a rapid march upon Biirlington.- He en- 
tertained wo doubt of his ability to cope with the British army in the 
field and to march in any direction through tlie country, but had Imsed 
his h(jpes of reducing the forts entirely on the arrival of Chauncej^'s 
s(juadron with heavy artillery. Unfortunately for the success of this 
])lan, Sir Gordon Drummond arrived the same day at Tork, bringing • 
\\-ith him from Kingston 400 of the second battalion of the 89th, 
under that stiuvly soldier. Colonel Jo.seph Warton Morrison, who had 
won the hard-fought battle at Chrx'sler's farm the autunni before. 
The two flank companies of the 104th, completed by volunteers to the 
nund)er of sixty rank and file eacli, had already been sent forward to 
strengthen Riall,under the connnand of their fiery-hearted Lieutenant- 
Colonel, his nephew, William Druun)iond of Keltie. Further rein- . 
f'trcements, consisting of the Regiment De Watteville and detach- 
ments of other coi-ps, were likewise on the way from Kingston, leav- 
ing that im|)<)rtant post almost without a garrison. 

One of Drummond's first acts was to order tlie discharge of all 
the very young, as well as the old and weakly militiamen, with the 
double object of relieving the strain U|)()n liis su])ply of provisions 
and setting them at liberty to gather thtii- hay. Lcaiiiing that the 
Americans liad estaliHshed their base of supplies at Lewiston, he im- 
uicijiately endtarked. the <S!)tli in the two armed vessels, .SV*//- and 
^7/"/w/vV/, l(.'a\ing York garrisoned by only a few invalids, wiih instruc- 

:. i:i:ill tn HiiiniiiKirHl .liitv •'• ' I'.i ..u n to Anustroiiu', All;;-. 7. 



I 



tions to proceetl directly to the laoutli of the Niao'ara. Upon its 
airival, Lieut.-Col. Tucker was instructe<l to (h'aft two-thirds of the 
garrisons from the different forts, making-, with tlie (S!)tli and Hank 
companies of the 104th, a body of about 1,500 men, and at day-break 
on the 25th to assail the batteries the Americans were said to have 
l)egun near Youngstown, while General Riall was directed at the same 
time to advance towards St. Davids for the purpose of distracting the 
attention of their force in Canada and preventing theu\ from sending 
reinforcements across the river. A bold and successful stroke 
at their r??^>o/ of supplies, he argued, would seriously jeopardize the 
position of the invaders, while he explicitly stated that he did not 
wish to risk an engagement upon the left bank of the river until tlie 
remainder of his reinforcements came up, when he conHdently ex- 
pected to finish the campaign at a blow.^ 

Riall, too, a<hnonished by the check he had received at Chippawa, 
pronounced strongly against meeting the enemy again in the field 
until the reinforcements already on the march, consisting of three 
strong battalions of regular troops, had arrived, Avhich he ho])ed 
would "create such a force as to render the enemy's discomfiture and 
annihilation complete.' - But the merest accident compelle<i them to 
tight at a disadvantage in dehance of their con\'ictions. 

Late on the afternoon of the 24th, Drunnnond h.imself went on 
1 loard the schooner Netley, and set sail for Niagara with the intenti(jn 
of assuming the command of the forces in the field. He was then in 
his forty -third year, an active, brave, resolute, and skilful soldier, who 
had seen war in Egypt, Holland, and the West Indies, during a 
([Uarter of a century of military life. He had been selected for a 
command in Canada by the Duke of York on account of his "zeal, 
intelligence and local knoAvledge." The same authoi'ity designated 
General Riall as "an active and intelligent young man. " They were 
nobly supported by many brave and skilful officers. Colonel Scott 
had served under Aberci'omby in Egypt and under Wellington in 
India. Harvey, ]\Iorrison, and Pearson had repeatedly distinguished 
themselves in the preceding cam]5aign. Few men in that fighting age 
could lead a charge better than Drunnnond of Keltic. 

When he arrived in the mouth of the river at daybreak next 
morning, he learned that the situation had materially changed. 
General Brown had retired to Chippawa, and Riall had taken advan- 
tage of this fact to push forward his l;)rigade of light troops the night 
before, to seize the important strategic position near Niagara Falls 
commanding the junction of Lundy"s Lane with the Portage Roa<l, 
with the intention of sujiporting it that morning witli the whole of 
his division. At nightfall on the 24th. the disposition of the British 

;. Han e\ to Tucker, .July i3. .'. Kiall to Dnnnnioiul, .July 12. 



26 

forces was the follow i ii o- : — The First Brio-ade, Colonel Hercules Scott 
coniinandinu-, conipose<l of a detachineiit of the IDth Li^ht Dragcxjus, 
half a battalion of the 8th, and seven companies of the 103rd, with 
two ()-pound hcld-guns, lay at Twelve Mile Creek : the Second 
Brigade, Lieut.-Colonel Tucker, consisting of half a battalion of the 
Royal Scots, half a battalion of the (Sth, the second battalion of the 
41st, and a wing of the 100th, with a detachment of the Hoyal Artil- 
lery in charge of two 24-pound and two G-pound field-pieces, occupied 
the forts at the mouth of the river, and had just been joined by 
Colonel Morrison with his detachment of the 89th ; the Third, oi- 
Light Brigade, Lieut.-Col. Pearson, was made up of a troop of the 
19th, Major Lisle, the light companies of the 8th and 103rd, the 
Glengarry Light Infantry, and the Incorporated Militia, encamped at 
Four Mile Creek ; the Fourth Brigade, Lieut.-Col. Parry, consisting 
of three battalions of embodied militia, and a body of Indians, formed 
the right wing of the British line, stretching along the Twelve Mile 
Creek as far as DeCew's Falls, while the flank and four battalion- 
companies of the Royal Scots, and four battalions of embodied militia, 
with three 6-]::ounders and a howitzer, were held in reserve under 
Lieut.-Col. John Gordon. This seems a formidable force on paper, 
Itut the Roj'-als, 8th and 100th, were mere skeleton battalions. The 
latter could muster Init one captain, three subalterns and 250 elective 
men, while the others were ver}" little stronger. The militia regi- 
ments were weak in numbers, and miserably armed and equipped. 
Altogether there were about 4,000 men scattered o\'er thirty miles of 
country, but capable of l)eing concentrated at a few hours' notice to 
resist the advance of the enemy. 

On the evening of the 23rd the whole of General Brown's ai-my 
once more encamped in the plain between Street's Creek and the 
Chippawa, but a battalion of riflemen and a regiment of militia were 
still posted on Lewiston Heights, having their pickets advanced as 
far as Youngstown. Their principal magazine of supplies had, how- 
ever, been removed to Schlosser. 

At midnight Colonel Pearson received orders to advance with his 
brigade, n\nnbering al)out 800 of all ranks, and by seven o'clock on 
the morning of the 25th he had taken possession of the high ground 
at Lundy's Lane without encountering the slightest oii})osition. In 
the course of its march this detachment was animated by the spectacle 
of two stout-hearted countrywomen bringing in an American soldier 
whom they had disanned and made prisoner.' 

Instructions had been issued to Colonel Scott to move ui)on the 
same point from Twelve Mile Creek at three in the morning, but 
these <ji-ders were subsecpiently countt'Dnaiidrd, and liis brigade 

1. -Nanativf of Col. Jas. Mc(iueen. 



remained in their (juarters until afternoon. Tn the course of tlie 
niornino- Riall rode forwanl, accompanied only hy Lieut.-Col. Driuii- 
mond and a small escort, and joined Pearson.^ 

These movements induced an innnediate chanye in Drummond s 
plan of operations. Colonel Morrison, with the XOth, a detaclnnent 
of the Royals, Lieut. Hemphill, and another of the Nth, (";iptain 
Campbell, two 24-pound brass tield-pieces, Lii-ut. Tomkins and a ))arty 
of rocketeers under Sergeant Austin, was directed to march by way 
of Queenston to the sujiport of General Riall at Lundy's Lane, while 
Lieut.-Col. Tucker, with 500 men of the Royals and 41st, and some 
Indians, advanced along the other bank upon Lewiston, accompanied 
upon the river by a number of boats, manned by seamen under Cap- 
tain Alexander Dobbs. Tucker's cohunn ai-rived at Lewiston aljout 
noon, and drove out the garrison after a trilling skirmish, capturing 
a hundred tents and a small quantity of other stores. The light 
compan}^ of the 41st and the detachment of tlie Royals were tln-n 
brought over to Queenston and added to jMorrison's colunni, increas- 
ing it to about 800 officers and men. 

After a brief halt the march was resunje<l. and towards six 
o'clock a dragoon rode up in haste to meet General Drummond. why 
was near the rear of the colunni and still several miles from his 
destination, bearing a message from Riall, which stated that ^ the 
enemy was advancing in great force against his position. I pon 
receiving this alarming intelligence the general rode rapidly forward, 
and on reaching Lundy's Lane, to his intense surprise and disappoint- 
ment, instead of landing the ground occupied by General Riall's entire 
division, as he expected, he discovered the light brigade alone retiring 
in the face of the enemy, tlie head of whose columns Avas already 
within a few hundred yanls of the crest of the hill, and the woods on 
either side of the road swarming with their ritiemen. The narrow 
road in the rear leading to Queenston was choked by Morrisons ad- 
vancing colunni, which had just come into view, and retreat was in a 
manner impossible without hazarding disastei-. Drummond's resolu- 
tion was promptly taken. He at once countermanded tlie movement, 
and ordered up Lieut. Tomkins with his twenty-four pounders. t<i 
hold the Americans in check until tlie ivmaindci- of the troops could 
come up and form. 

Shortly after his arri\al at Lundy's Lane, Pearson had despatclied 
Captain W. H. Merritt with a few Provincial dragroons to reconnoitre, 
and the entire American army was discovered ([uietly encamped be- 
yond the Chippawa. When General Riall came up, he sent oti an 
orderly with a message, directing the advance of Colonel Scott s 
brigade and a portion of the reserve, leaving the main body of the 

1. Letters of Veritas. 



28 

militia and liiilian.s still encamped near tiie Twelve Mile Creek. 

In the course of the afternoon General Brown learned that the 
British had ailvanced in considerable force along the right bank of 
the rixer, and had taken possession of Lewiston, and were then sup- 
posed to be advancing upon Schlosser. He had sent most of his 1 tag- 
gage away, reserving only one tent to ever}^ ten men, and obtained a 
good supply of provisions from beyond the Niagara. His men had 
been refreshed by two days' rest, the British force was divided, and 
he believed the favorable moment for executing his movement towards 
Burlington had arrived. The force that had appeared at Lundy's 
Lane was reported by his scouts to consist entirel}' of light troops and 
militia, sent forward, it was conjectured, for the purpose of watching 
liis movements and picking up stragglers. His entire division was iu)- 
medicitely placed under arms, and at four o'clock General Scott, with 
his own brigade, accompanied by Towson's company of artillery with 
three guns, and the whole body of cavalry and mounted riflemen, was 
directed to march upon Queenston, and if he encountered the enemy 
in force to report the fact at once, x\hen he AX'ould be supported by the 
entire division. 

Near Table Rock there stood a small tavern kept by a Mrs. 
Wilson, which had escaped the general devastation of the frontier. 
As the head of Scott's column approached this house, se\-eral British 
officers were observed to come out and mount their horses. Some of 
them instantly galloped off and disappeared behind the belt of woods 
beyond, but one elderly man halted in the middle of the road, and 
co(jlly surveyed their movements until they had coine within short 
musket-shot, when he saluted a party of American officers riding in 
front, and rode rapidly after his companions. They found the land- 
lady nervous, but communicative. She expressed her regret that they 
had not advanced with greater speed, as they might have easily 
captured the whole of her late guests, and estimated General Rialls 
force, which she described very circumstantially, at double its actual 
strength. The sound of many bugles was heard in and beyond the 
woods, and Scott at once despatched a staff-officer to demand instant 
reinforcements.^ The remainder of the American army being ah-eady 
undi-r arms, it was innnediately put in motion.- 

The exa,ct strength of Brown's division at that date is difficult to 
to ascertain. He admitteil the loss of 820 officers and men in the 
action at Cliippawa, but it has been statetl to have been considerably 
greater by a friendly writer.^ Forty or fifty more had been killed ()r 
taken in skii-mishes since: a small garrison had l)een left at Fort Erie, 
an<l a detachment sent to Schlosser. He had ])een three weeks in 

1. DouirlasV Iteminiscences. 2. Urowii to Ann.-tron^'. .An;,'. 7. :;. Paris .M. D.ivis imls it at G(» killed, 
.'iHi woiiniled, l;) mi j..iii'' 



20 

Canada, and his foi-CL- must naturally liaNc hci'ii i-iMluecd Ijy the disi-jisc 
and fatigue incident to a canipai^-n in the ticM. His rugulai- iv^-i- 
ments had been considerably diniinishe<l by desertion, no less than 
six deserters having come into the Bi-itish lines in a single <lay, while 
his militia had pi'obabh- sutlered in a still givater flegive from the 
same cause. He distinctly stated that the whole of his Indians had 
left him.^ On the other hand, a well-informed writer asserts that a 
number of them were still serving with his army as scouts.- 

On the other hand, too, he had received considei-able ivinl'orce- 
nients. As soon as it was known that he had passed the Niagara, 
troops M'ere put in motion from Detroit, Ohio, and Sackett's Harlioi-, 
to sup]X)rt him. A letter in the Bait ii no re Fat riot, dated Jnl\' 12th. 
I'elates that upon the day after the action at Chippawa he was j(;ined 
by about one thousand men from Buffalo, regulars, volunteers and 
Indians, among them Captain Stone's mounted riflemen, 160 strong. 
On July IGth, deserters who arrived in the British camp report e<! 
that 700 men had just crossed over from Lewiston.^ This reinforce- 
ment was composed of detachments of the 11th, 22d and 2.Sd iv^i- 
ments. -^ Rumors of disaster having become current before intelli- 
gence of the battle had been actually recei\"ed, the editor of Xiirs' 
Register, published in Baltimore, took occasion to observe in the issue 
of July 30th : "General Brown has received some handsome reinforce- 
ments from Buffalo, and thei'e is no reason to lielieve he cannot main- 
tain his ground for some time." The most authoritative e^•idence on 
the sul)ject, however, is to be found in a pampldet ]:)ublished by Gen- 
eral Ripley in 1815, vindicating his contluct, which has now become 
very rare. It contains an official return showing the effective strength 
of the two brigades of infantry upon the 23d July to have been 13() 
officers and 2,620 non-commissioned officers and privates.-'' Upon the 
24th we are informed that 100 of the 22d Infantry under Lieut. 
Guy, and 220 of the 1st under Colonel Nicli(^las, who were not 
included in this return, arri\ed from Fort Erie. Then lie supplies a 
second return, showing the effective strength of Porter's Ijrigade upon 
the 30th July, five daj^s after tlie action, to have been 61 officers and 
538 rank and file, and that of the artillery on the same date, 12 offi- 
cers and 260 rank and file.^ The loss of these corps in tbe action, 
according to the official published return, was 112 of all ranks, but 
this certainly does not include loss from desertion and straggling, 
which, in a militia force especially, is connnonly very great after a 
reverse. This, however, gives a grand total of 4,05f) officers and men. 
The oreneral staff, drag-oons, mounted infantrv, antl a detachment of 

1. Brown to Armstrong. July 23 2. Clark, Onondajra, p 320. 3. Riall to Druninioii(i. July IT. 
4 Interestinf; account by a musician, 5. 1st Bri^'ade. 84 officei-s, 1422 N. C. O. anil privates ; 2ri Brilfade, 
52 officers 1100 X. C. O.'and iirivates. — Ueturn siy:ned by S. Grittith, .\. A G 0. J. L. Thomson stales 
the strength of the artillery eng.aged at 3G7. 



-SO 

engiueers, still reiiiaiu to be accounted for, but of these no returns 
are available. Making due allowance for these and the prol;)able 
understatement of the loss of the militia brigade, it is safe to say 
that Brown had under arms on the evening of the 25th of July at 
least 4. .500 of all ranks, of wliom upwards of 3,500 were regulars. 
A certain proportion probably were detailed for camp service, but 
after making a reasonable deduction for this, he still must have been 
able to bring more than 4,000 men into action, with nine pieces of 
field artillery, three of which were 18-pounders,-^nd one a 55-inch 
howitzer. In facta letter dated at Buffalo next day,giving a very accu- 
rate account of the battle, states his force engaged at precisely that 
number.^ In artillerj^ he possessetl a decided preponderance from the 
beginning of the action, an advantage which was only partially coun- 
terbalanced by the excellence of the position occupied by the British 
guns.* 

Leaving the Queenston road at nearly a right angle, Lundy's 
Lane followed a course almost due west for about half a mile, thence, 

1. Poulson's American. 

' Mr. .\dams. in many respects one of the fairest and most iiaiiistakiii!,'of .\nierican historians, 
attempts to show that Gen. Brown had but 2,(544 effecti\e men at C'hippawa on the i.'ith July. He ac- 
complishes this hy leavinir out of account all the officers, the whole of the 1st refjiment, the dragoons and 
mounted infantry, detachments of the 17th, ISlth, 22nd, and rifles, and all details for duty of any kind 
which would prevent a man from beinjj actuall\ on the parade-friound at roll-call. He also reckons the 
strenj;th of the artillery and Porter's brigade a> it s'.ood in the return of the »»th .July. The American 
returns cited are misleadinj; in this way, that " present for duty " actually means " present under arms," 
omittin}; all jruards, pickets, escorts, workinjr parties — frequently one third of the strength- and the 
"air^rejrate present and absent " includes sick men, those on connnand, etc. However, the following' re- 
turn, exhumed by him, is not without value : 

Strength of 1st Brigade, Fort Erie, 31st July, lsl4. 

Present for Du'y. .\<^j^rejrate 

, ■ ■ ^ Present and 

X. C. O. and men. Officers. Absent. 

0th 139 S 5C9 

11th 21)3 11 624 

22nd 21S W 40S 

2.5th -Im 7 67ii 

General Staff 4 4 

905 40 22S1 
2nd Brii^ade. 

1st 141 ^20 

21st 441 20 S49 

23rd .- . 202 12 713 

General Staff 4 4 

874 42 178(5 
.Monthly return of troops under (.ien. Brown, Fort Erie, 31st July, 1814. 

Bfinibardiers, etc .'p8 2 09 

Lillfht Urajioons 47 1 ()4 

Artillery Coiiis ... 241 12 364 

First Bri;,'ade Oou 4o 2281 

Second liri'.'ade 874 42 178G 

212.') 07 4.")(j4 

It i- quite )ir(-iiosterons to sujipose that (Jen. Brown would have affirmed his ability to march in any 
direction fiver the comiiry and to can<|uer I'pper Canada within two months if he had only 2,(ioo men at 
his >'onni)und. His <iespatclies before Lundy"s Lane all bear the stamp of conscious numerical superiority 
- those of Dnunmond and l{iall indicate a knowledge of their inferiority. It will be observed that 
Porter's brijfade is entirely omitted from the forejfoin;; return, altlio\ij;h what remained of it was untiues- 
tionably present at Fort Erie on that date. 



treiuliiijj; ^Tadually northward, crusstM.l the I'wcKc -Milt- Cn-rU at 
DeCew's Falls. About a hundred yai'ds west of the junction of the 
roads, on the south side of Lundy's Lane, stood a Pi'esbyterian chuix-h, 
a low frame building-, painted red. It occupied tiie hi^-liest ])oint of 
the rise, which slopes oently soutliward and westward, but dips more 
abrujitly to the east and north. On the right of the cliurch lay a 
small enclosure, in which a few weatherljeaten wooden slabs ami rude 
brown headstones, with sometimes a brief inscription roughly carved 
upon them by the villao-e blacksmith's chisel, but more often nameless, 
marked the graves of the fathers of the settlement. Hitlier, too, 
brave young Cecil Bisshop was borne by mourning comrades upon 
their return from that daring raid in wliicii he met his death, and 
here he still reposes. Southward, a thriving young orchard covered 
the slope below the graveyard, extending (piite to the t'di!;(.' (.)f the 
Portage Roarl and encircling a small dwelling and farmyard. Mea- 
dows and cultivated fields lay beyond, bounded by thick woods less 
than half a mile away on both sides of the road, stretching down to 
the river near Table Rock, and skirting the brink of the chasm for a 
long distance. 

Dreading an andaish, Scott carefully reconnoitred these woods 
with his cavalry, and. his delay enabled the British light troops to 
regain the position they had just abandoned. Then, as now, Lundy's 
Lane was bordered by many apple, cherry and peach trees, thrusting 
their projecting boughs over tlie highway. In these orchards the Glen- 
gai-ry Light Infantry took up their ground, forming the right wing of 
the British line of battle. Tondcins' two Held guns with the rocket 
part}^ were planted among the graves on the very summit of the 
knoll beside the church, so as to sweep the road. The detacinnent of 
the !Sth and the Incorporated Militia were posted lower down, beliiud 
the fences and in the fields on the left of the main road extending 
towards the river, but leaving an interval of more than two hundreil 
yards unoccupied next the bank, which was thickly overgrown with 
scrub-pine and bru.shwood. The extremities of both wings were 
inclined slightly forward. The remainder of Morri.son's column was 
formed in rear of the guns, under shelter of the ridge, as fast as it 
came up, and the troop of the 10th Di-agoons was posted on the high 
road some distance further aw;iy.^ Small parties of the l.st ami 2nd 
Lincoln Militia continued to arrive from the various outposts occupied 
by them during the day, and joined the light troops in tlie wcjods on 
the flanks. No better ground for receiving an attack couM be found 
for many a mile. The entire nundDer of all ranks in the field when^ 
this formation was accomplished was 1,637, of whoni about one-half 
were Provincial troops."- Soon after the battle began, tin- liglit 

1. Diummond to Pievost, July 27 : Lossinjr. 2. Auchinleck. 



32 

coiiijianyof tlie Royals arrixfd h-oin Twenty Mile Creek and a courier 
Avas sent oti' to countermand the niarch of the remainder of Colonel 
Scott's coluuni, which it was learned had taken the road from the 
Beechwoods to Queenston, and pilot it to the iield. 

It lias become the fashion among- American writers to describe 
Drunnnond's force as being largely composed of Wellington's 
\eterans. With the exception of Colonel Scott, and possibly a few 
other officers, who ma}- have exchanged from other regiments, it is safe 
to say that not a man in the entire division had ever served under 
that illustrious connnander, and very few of them had seen active 
service of any kind outside of Canada. 

As the Americans emerged from the Avoods, the Oth, 11th, and 
22nd regiments deployed in the fields on the left and the 25th on the 
right of the road, while their field-guns came to the front and unlim- 
bered upon the highway. The brigade of infantr}' numbered 1,506 of 
all ranks, and the artiller}', dragoons, and other mounted corps, con- 
sisting of two troops of U. S. dragoons and the New York commands 
of Boughton and Stone, probably nuistered 300 more, making a total 
force of 1,800 fighting nien.^ 

Retiring leisurely before the advancing enemy, the British 
skirmishers frequently halted and formed as if. with the intention of 
making a stand, then dispersed again as soon as their position was 
seriousl}- threatened. Much valuable time was gained by these 
manceuvres, which were continued until the vanguard of the Ameri- 
can army had approached Avithin half musket-shot of their fighting 
line. Avhen they finally ran in.- 

The sun wa,s about half an hour high, or, in other words, it -was 
Ijetween six and seven o'clock in the afternoon, when Scott began the 
engageinent by a general attack of light troops along the entire front 
of the British position. On the right, the Glengarries easily main- 
tained their ground, but a section of the UoyoA Scots which had just 
come up, startled b}' the sudden apparition among the trees in their 
front of a bod}' of men in green uniforms, resendjling those of the 
American riflemen they had encountered that morning at Lewiston, 
hastily' fired a volley uix^n them, which injured several and produced 
s(jme confusion.^ 

Having felt the force opposed to him in this manner For ;\ few 
minutes, an<l satisfied him.self that it was determined to fight where it 
stood. General Scott forme(l the 11th and 22nd United States Infantry 
for a direct frontal attack, a.nd dctrili'd tlic Dtli and 2.")tli to tui-n both 
flaidcs sinnilt.mecjusly. 

'i"hc centre attack \\as ixit jnishcd with xigor. ;uid wa.s easily 

1. Kipley, C. K. Gardner. Diet. l'. S. Ainiv. -2. Letter in Xortherti Seiitir.el, lUth Auirust, 1S14. 
3. I'niied Service Jouriml, lis-l.'). 



33 

repelled by the artillery tire alone. But iqxjii the left of tlie line, the 
Americans soon obtained a decided advanta^-e. ()bservin<r the belt of 
unoccupied o-round next to the river, Scott ordered Colonel 'J\ 8. Jcsup. 
with the 25t]i U. 8. Infantry, to make a M'ide circuit throu;;li tlir 
undergrowth in that direction, and, by turning DrunniKJud's ilank. 
attempt to gain possession of the Queenston I'oad in the rear. Favore<l 
by the approach of night and concealed from xiaw by thickets, that 
regiment made its wa}^ unperceived into the interval, and suddenlv 
attacking the battalion of IncorjDorated Militia in flank at the moment 
it was attempting to take ground further to tlie left, threw it into 
confusion, and took four othcers and near a hundred men prisoners. 
Following up his advantage, Jesup advanced rapidh' as far as the 
road, which he occupied in force, and the troop of the 19th, finding a 
strong body of infantry tiring upon them from the enclosures on 
their flank, retired as far as Muddy Run.^ Nor was this tlie full 
measure of his success. First, Captain Loring, A.D.C. to General 
Drummond,ridingto the rear to bring up the cavahy, was captured, then 
General Riall, himself, bleeding from a wound, which subseipiently 
caused the amputation of his arm, fell into his poAver in the .same 
manner. The prisoners were promptly hurried from the field, and 
when their rank was announced to the remainder of the brigade it 
became the signal for loud and prolonged cheering along the entire 
line, caught up and repea.ted by Ripley's and Porter's advancing 
columns. 

Scarcely had these sounds died au'a}', ■\^•hen a sliell from the 
British battery struck one of Towson's ammunition wagons, whicli 
instantly blew up with a great explosion. This incident was hailed in 
turn by exulting shouts from the successful gunners, who redoubled 
their efforts in consequence, and the American pieces were speedily 
overpowered by tlieir lire, and almost, if not (juite, silenced. The 
renniant of the Incorporated Militia quickly reco\'ered from its c(jn- 
fusion, and re-formed m rear of the 81)th, fron.ting tlie Queenston r(jad, 
and covering the flank and rear of the troops in Lundy's Lane.- 
Their musketry soon compelled Jesup to relinquish the position he 
had secured, and communication with the rear was re-opened.^ Lieut.- 
Col. Robinson being dangeroush* wounded, the connnand of this corj* 
devolved on Major James Kerby. 

A general advance of the 9th, 11th ami 22nd Iniuntry, c()nverg- 
ing upon the British guns, forced the N9th and the detachments of the 
8th and Royal Scots to advance to their support, and was notrepelK-d 
without a sharp struggle, in which both parties suttered heavily. 
Lieut. Hemphill, leading the RoA'als, after Capt. lOrereton was 
disabled, was killed, and the connnand of his party, the renniant of 

1. Merritt ; Reminiscence of L. Palmer, Mss. 2. Dnimmond to Pre\ost. J\ilv 27. 3. Lossinjr. 



i 

) ;u 

three companies, devolved on another youn^'' subaltern, Lieut. Fraser. 
Colonel ]\Iorrison was so severely ^^■ounded that he was carried from 
the Held, and ]\Iajor Clitibrd assumed connuand of the 89th, while 
Captain Campbell, commanding the 8th, had his horse killed beneath 
him. Their assailants finally retired, leaving the slope strewed Avith 
their dead and Avounded, and were rallied with difficulty under cover 
(jf their artillery. The 22nd in pai'ticular broke in g-reat confusion, 
runninji* across the front of the 11th when in the act of wheeling;, and 
carrying; away several platoons of that regiment in its flight. Their 
officers failed to check the fugitives until they had gained the shelter 
of the woods, and only a part of them could then be induced to return 
to the scene of action.^ 

In the course of this contest the Americans had been reinforced, 
in the first instance by Lieut. Riddle with 100 men, then by Riplej^'s 
Ijrigade, and finally bv General Brown with tlie entii-e reserve. 

Biddle's and Ritchie's companies of artillery, with six guns, ad- 
vanced to ToAvson's assistance, and the artillery' duel was resumed with 
reiloubled energy. Notwithstanding the disparit}' in numbers, the 
British guns still maintained a decided superiority. Captains Biddle 
and Ritchie were both AA^ounded, the latter mortally, and ToAvson is 
said to liaA^e lost tAventy-seA'en out of thirtA'-six men serving his 
three guns."- 

Colonel McRee, an engineer officer, Avho Avas acting as General 
BroAvn's chief of stafl", finally assured the American commander that 
he need not hope for ultimate success unless the hill Avas taken and 
the guns silenced.^ By this time the entire available force of his 
diA'ision had arrived. Scott's command Avas much exhausted and 
<liminished in numbers. Accordingly, Ripley's brigade, consisting of 
the 1st, 21st, and 23rd Infantry, besides detachments of the 2nd Rifles, 
17th and 19th Infantry, Avas formed for the main attack, having 
Porter's brigade, composed of Dobbin's and SAvift's Ncaa^ York 
regiments, Fenton's Pennsylvania battalion, and Willcocks' Canadian 
\'olunteers, upon their left, Avhile the 25th LT.S.I. still maintained its 
position in the tliickets on the right.* The numbers at his disposal, 
if ])roperly han<lled, Avere amply sufficient to crush the A-ery infei'ioi* 
foi'ce (jpposed t(j them ])efore relief could arriA^e. 

For a feAV minutes firing almo.st ceased, and this interval aa'rs 
employed hy the American artillerymen in bringing forAvard fresh 
supplies of annnunition, and perfecting their arrangement for a 
general advance. Owing to the groAving darkness, ai'tillery fire had 
cea.sed to be very cfil-ctive, for although the moon had risen its light 
was i-ciiil('i((l faint and uncertain b}' drifting clouds of smoke and 

1. Major .McNfil's Kvidence. 2. I'etersoii, Heroes of U.S. 3. Lossiiig. \. Urown to .Arnislronff, 
Au(,'. 7. 



33 J 

(hist, ciiul the position of eitlier line of battle was only iiidicjitctl at 
iiTegnlar intervals ])y the flash of its o-uns.^ 

The action had now continued for nearly three hours ; the British 
force had been reduced by casualties to less than twelve hundred 
officers and men, and its situation seemed perilous in the extreme. 
Their annnunition was nearly exhausted and the militia were 
deprived of their remaining stock of cartridges, which were disti'il)ut<'(l 
among the regulars. It could no longer be a matter (jf doul)t that 
they had to contend with the entire American army. But relief, 
though long delayed, was now close at hand. After the original ordei' 
of march had been countermanded, the troops encamped at Twelve 
Mile Creek remained (piietly in their ((uarters until afternoon. Then 
the order was received from General Riall directing a portion of the 
force to advance immediately to his support, by way of, DeCew's Falls 
and Lundy's Lane. This jneant a march of fourteen miles under a 
burning sun. Colonel Scott instantly obeyed, taking with him seven 
companies of his own regiment (the lOoi'd), seven companies of the 
Royal .Scots, Lieut. -Col. John Gordon, five companies of the Nth, Major 
Ev 41s, the flank companies of the lO^th, Capt. R. Leonard, and a few 
picked men selected from some of the Militia battalions* in camp, 
under Lieut.-Col. Hamilton, yet, owing to the weak state of the com- 
panies, his entire colunni did not muster more than 1,200 of all ranks.- 
This force was accompanied by three 0-pounders and a 5^, -inch 
howitzer, under Captain Mackonochie. The advance-guard was 
already within three miles of the tield of battle when they were met 
by an orderly bearing a second despatch from General Riall, announc- 
ing that he was about to retire upon Queenston, and directing them to 
retreat at once and join him at that place. The}' had retraced their 
steps for nearly four miles when the roar of cannon burst upon their 
ears and they were overtaken by a second messenger, sunnnoning 
them to the scene of conflict. It was accordingly nine oclock before 
the head of this column, weary and footsore with a march of more 
than twenty miles almost without a halt, came in view on the extreme 
right.^ 

The action was recommenced by a 1 jrisk attack on the left of the 
British position by the 25th L^nited States Infantry, from the shelter 
of the copsewood near the Queenston road. 

The American artillery opened Are with renewed vigor to cover 
the advance of their infantry, and Porter's riflemen were detached, 
creeping stealthily forward on the right, in the hope of turning the 
flank also. Drummond prqmptly foiled this movement by directing 
the headquarter wing of the Royals and the flank companies of the 

1. Peterson. 2. Drummond to Prevost July 27. 3. Letters of Veritas. 

*The Lincoln, Norfolk, Oxford, Middlesex and York regiments, and Essex and Kent Ranjjers. 



36 

10-tth to prolono- his tightin_i;- line in that direction while he formed 
the remainder of Colonel Scott's column into a second line in rear of 
Lundv's Lane.^ These dispositions had not yet been entirely com- 
pleted when a large bod}' of infantry was again observed advancing 
upon the artillery. The troo]).s destined for the assault of the batter3% 
composed of the 1st U. S. Infantry, Colonel R. C. Nicholas, detach- 
ments of the 17th, 19th and 2nd Rifles and the whole of the 21st, 
under command of Colonel James Miller, had quietly been formed in 
the hollow, where their movements were concealed by the darkness, 
and now advanced silently in line, two deep, followed by the 23rd, 
Major ]). McFarland,in close column of companies, under cover of the 
discharge of all their artillery, which concentrated its Are upon the 
British guns. These battalions mustered u])ward of 1,400 bayonets."- 
The position occupied b}^ the 1st U.S. Infantr}^ forming the centre of 
their line, compelled that regiment, fresh from a tour of uneventful 
garrison duty in the distant frontier posts on the banks of the 
Mississippi, to climb the slope in the face of the point-blank fire of 
the British guns, while Miller's and McFarland's commands moved 
<)1ili(iuely upon the batter^^ from either flank. Scarcely had it >:/.>gun 
to feel tlie efl'ects of the artillery fire when this regiment gave wa}', 
and before it could be rallied by its ofiicers, had retired a considerable 
distance in much disorder.^ The 23rd advanced with admirable firm- 
ness and lost heavily. Its commander was killed and the line began 
to waver, but order was soon restored by the eflbrts of General Ri]»ley. 
who directed its movements in person after the fall of Major McFar- 
land.* Miller's approach on the opposite flank was screened from the 
view of the gunners by the church and an almost continuous line of 
thickets fringing both sides of a shallow ravine.^ Within twenty 
yards of the guns a stout log-fence, skirted with shrubbery and small 
trees, crossed their path and furnished convenient cover. Up to this 
point their advance had been unobserved by the artillerymen, whose 
attention was rivetted upon the batteries below. Halting tliere for a 
moment, they fired a single efiective volley, and, I'ushing forwarrl, 
gained the summit, but with heavy loss.*^ Lieut. Cilley, who led the 
charge, cut down an artilleryman as he entered the battery and the 
next moment fell desperately' wounded by his side. A few gunners 
still clung desperately to tlieir pieces and were bayonetted while 
stri\ing to reload, and the battery, which had been worked so efiect- 
ively against them, was in their possession. Both the 24-pounders 
and one of Captain ]\Iackonochie's ()-poundei's, whieli had since been 
Itrought up to their assistance, were taken. Lieut. Tomkins and a few 
of his men were also captured and temporarily confined in the church, 
whence most of them soon succeeded in making their escape." 

1. Kniiiinionrl to Prevost, .Inly i'. 2. Kipley, otfioial return, li. Brown to Aniistroiisr 4 Ibid. 
',. .Iiu-ol)s' Life of 1*. Oa^is. fi. Lieiif. Bi^elow was killer! and ('ai)t. I'.iirhank, I.ieuts. Cilley and Kisk 
and KnHi;;nH .loTies, Thomas and t'anip were wounded in takinir the !.'uns - .1 L. Thoiniison 7. Lossing, 
Itruinniriiid, Browne, Kn^land's Artillerymen ; Letter in Alexandria Herald. 



37 

Nearly at the same instant Ripley came up with the 28r(l, and 
the 1st, having re-formed, advanctMl to their support. Ripley's entire 
brigade was thus massed on a very narrow front, on the south side of 
Lundy's Lane, between the church and the Queenston road. Sc(jtt's 
brigade, with the exception of the 25th Infantry, was rapidly brought 
forward and took post on their left, while Porter's volunteers distantly 
engaged the flank companies of the 104th, and the wing of the Royals.^- 

Miller's movement had been at once so rapid, unexpected and 
successful, that the British guns were in his possession before the 
infantry in rear had time to advanc*^ for their protection. These 
detachments then hastily advanced to recover them, but after a very 
severe contest were repelled with heavy loss. At short range the 
cartridges of the Americans, containing in addition to the ordinary 
bullets three large buck-shot, were particularly eflective. Lieutenant 
Fraser, on whom the command of the Royals in this part of the field 
had devolved, was wounded, and the survivors of his detachment 
rallied around the colors of the 89th. The 103rd being ordered to 
advance, marched in the darkness directly into the centre of the 
enemy's new position, and were first made aware of its mistake by a 
crushing volley, which threw them into great disorder.'^ While this 
struggle was in progress for the possession of the hill, the American 
artillery limbered up and advanced to take up a new position upon 
the summit. In the attempt they met with sudden and unforseen 
disaster. While their howitzer was ascending the slope at a gallop, a 
volley of musketry brought nearly all the drivers at once to the 
ground, and the horses, missing their riders and left without guidance, 
plunged frantically forward into the opposing ranks, where they were 
soon secured.^ Several of their caissons were blown up at diflerent 
times by congreve rockets, and some of their pieces silenced for want 
of ammunition. Many horses were also killed or disabled wliile 
manoeuvring. 

The remainder of the British artillery was at the same time 
brought forwai-d until the muzzles of the guns were only a few yards 
asunder, and the battle thenceforward became a confused, ferocious, 
and sanguinary struggle, waged frequently at the bayonet's point, or 
with clul:)bed muskets, the British striving desperately to regain the 
ground they had lost, and their opponents to thrust them down into 
the hollow beyond, and drive them from the field. Regiments, com- 
panies, and sections were broken up and mingled together. They re- 
tired, rallied, and were led to the charge again. For two hours the 
contending lines were scarcely ever more than twenty yards apart, 
and by the light of each successive volley of nnisketiy they could 

1 .Miller's letter to his wife, .Inly -JS - .T. L. Thompson, Hist. Late War. 2. James, .Mil. Oc2. 3. Let- 
ter of E. L. Allen, -ilst U.S.I. , in I'ittsfield (Mass.) Sun. 



38 

plainly distinguish the faces of tlieir antagonists, and even the buttons 
(_)n their coats. From time to time even the voices of the officers 
could be distinctly heard in the opposing lines. General Drumniond 
shouted to his men, "Stick to them, my tine fellows." An American 
officer responded b}' giving an order to "Level low and tire at their 
flashes," in stentorian tones.^ It is scarcely possible to present a con- 
secutive narrative of the closing hours of the strife. For upwards of 
an hour the combatants faced each other at a distance of not more 
than sixty or seventy feet, loading and firing with as much delibera- 
tion, one of them wrote, "as if it had been a sham battle." Fi'om 
time to time there was a sudden rush forward, and the lines swayed 
slowly backwards and forwards over the ground, which was now 
thickly strewn with the bodies of their fallen comrades. It is asserted 
by the Americans that they three times repelled the attempts of their 
adversaries to regain their lost position.- In one of these, we learn 
that the 103rd, being largeh' a boy-regiment and this its first experi- 
ence of battle, again gave way, and was only rallied b}' the strenuous 
exertions of Major Smelt and other officers.'^ In another, the assail- 
ants forced their way into Major's Hindman's battery and compelled 
him to spike two of his guns.* In the short interval between these 
attacks, Generals Brown and Scott consulted together, and, in conse- 
(juence, Scott's brigade was moved into a narrow road or lane a short 
distance south of Lundy's Lane, where it deployed and took post in 
line immediately in front of their artillery, which was now rendered 
nearly useless by the very proximity of the contending forces. Upon 
the repulse of the second attack, Scott formed his regiments. into close 
column, left in front, and hoping to profit ly^ the disorder in the British 
ranks, led them to the charge in turn. The 89th, kneeling to receive 
them in a held of grain, reserved its tire, by Drunnnond's com- 
mand, until its assailants were within twenty paces, when a volley 
was delivered with such fatal effect that they recoiled in confusion to 
the rear, vigorously pursued at the point of the bayonet.'' Their place 
in the line was at once occupied by a portion of General Porter's bri- 
gade, and Colonel LeaveuAvorth rallied and reformed the broken pla- 
toons upon the left of their former position. Having changed front, 
they were again led forwai'd by their indomitable commander, who 
had already had tw(j horses kilk'd under him, in an effort to force 
back the British right. Again repelled with heavy loss, they were 
again i-allied, this time on the extreme left of the line.** General Scott 
was himself wounde<l by a nuisket ball, which fractured his shoulder, 
and, lia\ing likewisi' received a painful contusion in the side, was re- 
ni(.\(M| ri'oiii the field. His regimental commanders, Colonels Brady, 

1. .Mi'LwkI'm view of settleiiieiit of r|i)itM- Canada. '2. Lossiiijf, J. L. Thomson, etc 3 Di-uimnoiul. 
4. K. U Alli'ii. ^1. "The etfc'ct of that »iii;fle tire on till- I'lu-inv's ranks was awful ill the extreme." David 
Tlioni|)son, Hist, of the Late War, )). •j:«-4. (>. .1. L. Thomson.' 



39 

Jesup and McNeil, and liis Brioaclo-lMnjor, Smith, had also ])een dis- 
abled. The nth and the 22nd United States Infantry went entirely 
to pieces, and the 9th alone preserved its formation, kept t(j^fther ))y 
the exertions of Leavenworth, its colonel, who was likewise wcjun(Je<l.' 
The entire brigade had shrunk to the dimensions of one weak bat- 
talion, stumbling blindly about the field.* More than half the ofticei-s 
of these regiments had been killed or badly hurt, an<l it was subsc- 
(piently related by deserters that on one occasion, l)eing hard pi-csscd, 
the survivors actually threw down tlieir arms and attempted to sur- 
render in a body, but finding that the British still continued their tire, 
resumed their w^eapons in despair.- Be this as it may, the list of 
killed and wounded bore eloquent testimony to the courage and detei*- 
mination with which they had maintained the contest. Before the 
close of the action the number of effective men remaining in the field 
of the four regiments composing General Scott's brigade was actually 
reduced to 150 or 200, exclusive of officers.^ 

About the same time General Brown received a flesh wound in 
the thigh, and finding that Scott had already retired from the field, 
made over the chief command to General Ripley. The two remain- 
ing brigades had suffered less, but their losses had been severe, and 
most of'the regiments were much shaken. The new connnander, with 
the entire approval of his chief, determined to retire beyond the Chijv 
pawa."* With this intention, all the guns that could be horsed were 
withdrawn, and some of the wounded removed. 

While Ripley was preparing to retreat, Drunnnond was resolutely 
reforming his shattered battalions for a final and supreme effort to 
retrieve the fortunes of the fight. Bleeding profusely from a wound 
in the neck, which narrowly missed lieing fatal, he paid so little 
attention to it that he did not even dismount to have it dressed. 
Twenty minutes later his horse was shot dead beneath him.'' Colonel 
Pearson, Lieut.-Colonel Robinson, and many officers of inferior rank 

1. Lossincf. 2. Drunimond to Prevost, August 8. 3. Col. Leavenworth's evidence. 4. Hrovvn to .\rin- 
stroner Au<'ust 7. Kiplev, Major Hindman's evidence. 5. James. Kidout Letters. Thos. Hidout to his 
son, 14th Aug., 1814 : "The coolness of Gen. Drunimond on that memorable nit;ht, in the perfomiance of 
all iiis dutiesi \va.s beyond all praise. His wound in the neck was very severe and has been very trouble- 
some." 

*The aimless wanderings of this brigade are circumstantially described in " A brief review of the 
settlement of Upper Canada by the U. K. Loyalists and Scotch Highlanders in 1783, by D. McLeod, .Major- 
General Patriot Army ; Cleveland, 1841" :-" The commanding officer of the 8!)th was ordered to charije 
this colunm of Americans, which was promptly executed by driving them down the slope of the hill ; but 
they instantly rallied at the base and in their turn charged the Itoyals and drove them some distance to 
the rear. The S9th coining up at this time in their rear mistook them for the Koyals and were etting 
them pass on as such, but while they were reclining to the left they had to advance in front of the Grena- 
diers of the 104th and 103rd regiments, who were in the act of tiring at them when a BrUish fie d otflcer 
rode up and ordered them not to fire as it was the S9th. The Americans took the hint and called out the 
89th ' The word ' recover arms' was given, and as they were advancing towards their own lines they 
came in contact «ith a strong det.-vchment of the 49th (41st ?) and Koyals, who by some accident were 
far in advance of their own lines. A dreadful scene ensued. It was for some minutes, the rejgn oj 
carnage, shoulder to shoulder, foot to foot ; the combatants fought with more than mortal energy. 
The GMengarries marched to the assistance of their friends, but from the darkness of the night mistook 
the 49th and Rovals for the Americans, which ena'oled the latter to retire unmolested. 



40 

had been disabled. Nearly one-third of the rank and tile had ah'ead}'' 
been numbered with the dead, or were suffering from wounds. With 
indomitable resolution the scattered detachments were rallied and 
the line reformed for another attack. Finally, when it was almost 
midnioht, the thinned and wearied ranks were again closed and 
urged up the hillside. Headed hy the light company of the 41st, 
led by Captain Glew, they pressed steadily up the slope, and at 
length stood triumphantly upon the summit.^ Their opponents were 
surprised in the act of retiring, and their rearguard was easily over- 
thrown and dispersed. The two 24-pounders they had lost were re- 
covered, but the G-pounder had been already removed. An American 
field-piece of the same calibre was, however, taken, the whole of the 
detachment serving it with but two exceptions having fallen in its 
defence.- The officer commanding the party at the guns put spurs to 
his horse and escaped, but most of his men were taken prisoners be- 
side them. Several tumbi'ils and horses were also captured, and the 
ridge was profusely strewn with the bodies of those seriously injured, 
Desultory firing continued in various quarters of the field for a few 
minutes longer, under cover of which Ge)ieral Ripley withdrew from 
the field all of his troops that still held together. 

Almost all American writers, following the cue furnished by 
General Brown's official letter, convey the impression that their forces 
retired voluntarily, and were not expelled f I'om the position they had 
won, and none of them admit the loss of any artilleiy. The state- 
ments on these points contained in Sir Gordon Drummond's official 
letter are, however, fully substantiated by affidavits published in 
General Ripley's pamphlet already referred to, as Avell as by several 
letters from officers and men in the American army, which appeared 
in difi'erent contemporary newspapers. Major Hindman, commandant 
of their artillery, testified, for instance, that "General Brown said to 
him: — 'Collect your artillery as well as you can, and retire im- 
mediately ; we will all march to camp together.' He then remarked 
that nearly all his officers had been killed or wounded, and that he 
himself was wounded, and he thought it best to retire. I found the 
enemy in possession of the guns and wagons. Some of the horses 
and men were captured. I then left the field. Lieut. Fontaine in- 
formed me that tlie enemy charged his party at the guns, and made 
them all prisoners, Imt that he dashed through tlieir ranks and 
escaped."^ 

Ef|ually conclusive is the evidence respecting the demoralized con- 
dition of the American army, derived from the same sources. We are 
informeil that but two platoons of Scott's brigade could be 
collected under Leavenworth, and several officers affirmed that not 

1. Gourlay. 2. E. L. Allen. 3. Rijiley, Facts relative to the Canipaiifn on the Niagara. 



41 

more than 500 men in all returned to camp in a body, tlie remainder 
having dispersed.^ 

The l)attletield remained in the undisturbed possession of tlie 
British during the remainder of the niglit, but they were in no con- 
dition to pursue their disorganized enemies. Pearson's Ijrigade had 
marched fourteen miles, and had been deprived of sleep the night Vie- 
fore : Morrison's detachment had accomplished the same distance: an<l 
the remainder not less than twenty-one miles in the heat of a July 
day. Almost one-third of their entire number had been killed or 
wounded, or were missing. The sur\-i\ors were utterh- exhausted, 
and threw themselves down to rest among the dead and dying u})on 
the bloodstained hill they had finally re-conquered. 

Thus ended the most stubbornly-contested and sanguinary 
engagement ever fought in the Province of Ontario, after having con- 
tinued five hours an'il twentj-three minutes.- By American writers 
it is frequently styled the battle of Bridgewater or Xijigara Falls: in 
British oflficial records, it is known by the name of Niagara, and, in 
commemoration of the fact, the Royal Scots, 8th, 41st and 89th, bear 
that w^ord emblazoned on their colors, but among Canadians it usually 
receives the more homely appellation of Lundy s Lane.^ 

The loss on both sides was extremely severe in proportion to the 
number of combatants engaged, and, according to the official reports, 
nearlv equal. The British return showed an aggregate of five ofiicers 
and seventy-six men killed, thirty officers and 532 men wounded, 
fourteen officers and 219 men missingand prisoners; thatof their oppon- 
ents,eleven officers and IGO men killed, three generals( Brown, Scott and 
Porter), fifty other officers and 520 men wounded, eight officers tind 109 
men missing. But there are several cogent reasons for suspecting the 
truthfulness of the latter return. James asserts that 210 of their 
dead w^ere counted on the field l)y British fatigue parties, find that 
indicationsof a numberof new-made graA'es were afterwards discovered 
near their camp. Drummond stated in his official letter that several 
hundred prisoners had fallen into his hands, and it would be indeed 
remarkable that a force in the admitted state of disorganization to 
which the American army was reduced should have lost no more than 
the number returned as missing, especially when a considerable pro- 
portion of that force consisted of militia acknowledged to be 
unusually prone to desert and disperse in the event of a reverse, while 
their opponents, who held the field, lost more than double that number. 

An officer writing from Buffido, two days after the battle, to liis 
father, a Senator in Congress, stated that their first brigade (Scott's) 

1. Riplev. Facts relative to theCanipui-n on tbe Nia-.-aia : Wilson, .-Vniorican Military .and Naval Heroes^ 
■1. Letter dated Fort Er.e, .July 28, in Alexandria ller.ald. 3. Cn .St. Geoives l-'J- •^V;"V'f ':J MfiiHa''i! 
were pre^^ented by .sir Peret-rine Maitland, Lieut.-Governor of I pi>er Canada, to the \ork M'^'a «? 
l^presentathesof-the Incorvn-vated .Militia, in recojrnition of their services dnr.n^r the war. inscnbed with 
the word "Xiajrara," by direction of King George H. 



42 

was almost ainiihilated, yet the official return only admitted a loss of 
a little more than five hundred men, or about one-third of" its effect- 
ive force.^ Major Foster testified that but fifteen or twenty of the 
11th escaped unhurt."- Major Hindman relates that of Tappan's 
Compan}' of the 23rd, U. S. I., numbering forty-five rank and file 
when it went into action, only nine answered to their names at roll- 
call next morning, and estimated that not more than 1,500 men of 
the entire division could then be mustered.^ I have already referred 
to the loss of Towson's artiller}^ At one of Captain Ritchie's guns 
every man is said to have been disabled, at another all but two, and 
yet the entire loss of the whole of the artillery was returned at forty- 
six of all ranks> Detachments of the 2nd Rifles and 17th and 19th 
Infantrj^ are known to have been engaged ; one officer belonging to 
the former and two of the latter corj^s were certainly wounded, but 
no statement whatever of their loss is to be found in the official re- 
port. Finally, Major Herkimer and thirteen other officers of the 
volunteer lirigade, in an open letter published in several news])apers, 
flatly accused General Brown of falsifying the returns and of under- 
stating the loss of their regiments.* 

Mr. Hildreth states that the American army was reduced by their 
losses to sixteen hundred eflective men. If this were true it would 
indicate a loss from casualties and desertion of more than two thou- 
sand.^ A very correct and circumstantial account of the action by an 
eye-witness, ])ublished in Foulson's Ariierican, estimated their loss in 
killed and wounded at twelve hundred. Another letter, dated at Fort 
Erie, August 1st, remarks: "Many of our men secreted themselves 
in the woods, and were not collected till within a few days." As they 
were not vigorously pursued it is probable that most of these strag- 
glers rejoined their regiments. 

On the part of the British, the Ijattalions which bore the brunt 
of the action were the Royal Scots and the 89th, and their losses 
were correspondingly severe. Of about 500 men of the former regi- 
ment who went into action, 172 were reported killed, wounded, or 
missing, while the 89th lost not less than 254 out of an aggregate of 
400 of all ranks. Of the provincial corps the Incorporated Militia 
sufiered most, losing 142 officei's and men, of whom not less than 92 
were missing, out of about 300 engaged: the Glengarr}" Light Infantry 
lost 57: the 104th flank companies, (i: the Lincoln Militia, 13; the 

1. I.ieiit. J. B. Vaniuiu. 2. Riiiley. In a letter in the Northern fJenti'nfl, dated 10th Augfust, 1S14, 
an officer of the lltli stated that his company numbered :ii) on the mornin'.,' of the 2nth, but only 13 were 
present at roll call next day, and but one man of hi.-j own platoon. Col. Miller, in a letter to his wife of the 
281 b July, (jirinted in the report of the Adjutant General of New Hampshire, for 1S13S) states the loss of his 
retfinient (the -ilst) at 12U of all ranks, vet in the otticial return it was stated to be only 104. 3. E. L. Allen. 
4 Hist. I'. S. ."■.. otticial return (Can. Aroh.) 

• " The company (Stone's) entered the service 162 stronj,', and when nnistered out numbered only 48 
men. The others had either been killed in battle, died of wounds or camp disease, or been taken prisoners. 
Hut very few had deserted."— Doty History of Liviiij^'stone County, X. V., p. 322. 



43 

Second York, 9; the Provincial Dragoons, 8.t Many of the wovnuh-il, 
being sliglitly injured by buckshot, were .soon able to do duty again, 
and a nund)er of the missing rejoined their regiments in a few days.' 

Next morning General Ripley again cr()sse<l the C'hippawa with 
as large a force as he could muster, with the intention, as he stated. 
of bur3nng the dead and recovering the wounded, whom lie had left 
behind. Most of his officers agreed in regarding this as an act of the 
most consunnnate folly. But, finding the field occupied in foi'ce by 
his antagonist, he innnediately retired, destroying the bri<lge behind 
him, and prepared for instant i-etreat.- The wounded and pri.soners 
were then sent across the Niagara, a quantity of camp ecpiipage ami 
other stores were destroyed .or thrown into the river, Bridgewater 
Mills and Clark's warehouse at Chippawa Avere burned, and a retro- 
grade movement was efiected with such celerit}^ that, although they 
did not connnence their march until noon, the entire force arrived on 
the heights opposite Black Rock at midnight in such a state of ex- 
haustion that they lay down to sleep without pitching tents or light- 
ing fires. This would certainly be extraordinary conduct on the part 
of a victorious army. In fact it is almost certain that their com- 
mander had determined to re-cross the river next day, but finding 
that he was not pursued in force, he encamped under the guns of Fort 
Erie, and set every available man at work with axe and spade to 
entrench his position. 

As soon as Ripley's intention to retreat became apparent, the 
British light troops were sent in pursuit, and succeeded in making a 
few prisoners, but feeling himself too weak in numbers to attempt the 
investment of their fortified camp at Fort Erie, Sir Gordon Drum- 
mond dismissed the militia, who had come forward so cheerfully, and 
remained with the Ixdk of his force near Lundy's Lane until the 
arri\-al of reinforcements enabled him to prosecute his advantage 
further.^ 

1. Cannon, History Records British Army. 2. Letter of E. L. Allen: Musician's account. 3. CO., 
July -26 ; Drunmiond to Prevost, July 31. 

t In his official letter Sir Gordon Urummond said : "The zeal, loyalty and l.ravery with \yhich the 
militia of this part of the Province have come forward to co-operate with His .Majesty s troops m the ex- 
pulsion of the enemy, and their conspicuous -allantry in this and the action of the 4th, clanu my wannest 
thanks." 



APPENDIX NO. 1. 



STATE OF THE DEFENCES OF THE NIAGARA FRONTIER IN THE BEGIN- 
NING (JF JULY, 181-l^GEN. DRUMMOND'S SCHEME 
OF OPERATIONS. 

Extract from report of Capt. Martin, R.E., to Sir George Prevost, 
Montreal, 8r(i July, 1814 :— 

Fort Erie — In a tolerable state of defence, strongly enclosed in 
rear with palisades. A small blockhouse commenced, to flank the 
picketing. Three guns mounted — two twelves and one nine-pounder. 

Chipj)awa — A line of intrenchments thrown up by the King's 
reo-iment on the left bank of the river : a redoubt commenced, to 
flank them. 

Queenston — A redoubt completed for 250 men. 

Fort Niagara — The land-front nearly completed and well 
excavated along the curtain ; a splinter-proof, 140 feet in length, 
nearly completed with palisading. 

Fort Missassauga — The new work in a forward state ; the 
picketing and two furnaces completed ; a l»rick tower connnenced. 

Fort George — For want of men the works do not advance 
rapidly. 

Abstract of ansAvers to questions submitted to officers of engineers, 
date about 12th July: — 

Fort George is in a very bad state in reference to defence, and 
can make little or no resistance against an army computed at between 
5,000 and (5,000 men, with a due proportion of heavy artillery, and the 
only thing to prevent it from being taken b}' assault is a bad row of 
picketing. If Fort George falls into the enemy's hands he will be 
enabled to carry on a regular attack against Fort Niagara on his own 
side of the river, which he would otherwise find ditficult to do. 
Forts George and Niagara having fallen, Fort Missassauga will 'oe 
vary much weakened, as all the supplies without that fort will be cut 
oft' entirely. There is no secure cover for the gari'ison of Fort 
Missassauga, and it would soon fall if attacked by land, Fort Niagara 
being the protection of our supplies outside it. Fort Missassauga 
would not l>e easily taken by assault, but is incapable of holding out 
agairjst a bombardment. 

GEN. DRUMMONI^S JICHEME OF DEFENCE. 

.Maj.-Cien. Riall to Lieut^-iGbn. Drunnnond, Fort George, 10th 
.Nbuch, "1814— Abstract:— 

Desires instructions in case of an attack, as both flanks are 
assailable. Fears that the Americans will land at Long Point, and by 



45 

advancino- along the western road, get into his rear. 'J'here is a very 
small dispo8al)le force on this frontier, not ade(iuate foi- its defence in 
front and to meet the probable movement in Hank, and unless he re- 
ceives a good reinforcement his position will be extreme!}' ci'itical. 

Lieut.-Gen. Drunnuond to Maj.-CJen. Riall, Kingston, March 23: — 
Thinks it highly probable that in connection with the siege of 
Fort Niagara the Americans Mall invade the district by the western 
road, and may land a force at Long Point or Point Abino. In such 
case he would be obliged to concentrate his whole force at Burlington 
or Ancaster, leaving the garrisons of Forts Niagara and George t() 
themselves. He anticij)ates that General Harrison will be in com- 
mand, and in case he (Riall) obtains previous information, in spite of 
his known caution, hopes that Harrison may givci him an opportunity 
to defeat and destroy a considerable part of his force. Wishes him 
to understand that the abandonment of an advanced position is only 
advised in case of an advance in force from the west for pui'poses (jf 
concentration. 

In case of small parties advancing from the Avestward, he is to 
send small parties from Burlington to take a position at Burford or 
Ancaster, and dispute the passage of the Grand River, on which the 
detachments from Long Point and Oxford may fall back. 

The natural disposition of the forces would be to keep them con- 
centrated in a central position in readiness to act on either ilank, Ijut 
the experience of the last two 3'ears shows that such force may be 
distributed along the frontier without an}' great risk, and all posts 
from Fort George to Erie should be occupied. That at Fort Erie 
should consist of a strong company of infantry- and a party of artillery 
sufficient to man the 24-pounder in the southern demi-bastion, and 
may give employment to an invading force for a few days, or act in 
their rear. Chip]:)awa to l)e strongly occupied, and a detachment 
posted betAveen Chippawa and Fort Erie, say at Frenchman's Creek, 
and a rapid movement made to support the detachment on the right 
in case of a landing being made above Chippawa. Fort Niagara to 
be strongly occupied by 500 or 600 men, who may occupy ten times 
their nund^er. I will reinforce your division by the 103rd, upwards 
of 700 strong, as soon as navigation opens. The occupation of Fort 
George is essential to the defence of Fort Niagara, and the construc- 
tion of a battery of a few heavy guns so mounted as to bear on the 
esplanade of Fort Niagara. 

In case of a concentration at Burlington a small detachment to 
be left in Fort George, which would in turn be protected hy F(jrt 
Niagara, which commands it. A battery at Missassauga Point (the 
flagstaft') is highly necessary, and an enclosure at Queenston, if time 
permits. 



APPENDIX NO. 2. 



OFFKIAL RETURN OF THE LOSS OF BRITISH TROOPS IX ACTION OF JULY 

2oTH, 18U. 

Staff — 1 killed, 5 wounded, 1 missing. 

19th Dragoons — 2 rank and tile wounded, 1 rank and file missing. 

Provincial Light Dragoons — 2 rank and file w^ounded, 1 captain 
missing. 

Royal Engineers — 1 subaltern missing. 

Royal Artillery — 4 rank and file killed; 1 captain, 12 rank and 
file wovmded, 7 privates missing. 

Royal Marine Artillery — 3 rank and file wounded, 2 rank and file 
missing. 

1st Royal Scots — 1 subaltern, 15 privates killed: 3 ofiicers, 112 
N.C.O. and privates w^ounded : 2 officers, 39 N.C.O. and men missing. 

8th Kings— 12 N.C.O. and men killed: 3 officers, 57 N.C.O. and 
men wounded: 1 officer, 12 N.C.O. and men missing. 

41st — 3 privates killed, 34 N.C.O. and men wounded. 

S9th— 2 officers, 27 N.C.O. and men killed; 11 officers, 177 N.C. 
O. and men wounded ; 37 N.C.O. and men missing. 

103rd — 6 privates killed; 1 officer, 46 N.C.O. and men wounded: 
3 officers, 4 N.C.O. and men missing. 

104th — 1 private killed, 5 privates missing. 

(Jlengarry Light Lifantry — 4 jnivates killed: 1 officer, 30 N.C.O. 
and men wounded : 1 officer, 21 N.C.O. and men missing. 

Incorporated Militia — 1 officer, 6 men killed; 4 officers, 39 N.C. 
O. and men wounded : 75 N.C.O. and men missing; 3 officers, 14 men 
prisoners. 

1st Lincoln Militia — 1 private killed. 

2nd Lincoln Militia — 1 private wounded. 

4th Lincoln Militia — 2 tjfficers, 3 men wounded ; 2 officers missing. 

5th Lincoln Militia — 1 officer, 3 men wounded. 

2nd York — 3 officers, (i men wounded. 

(iFFK lAL KETl'liN OF LOSS OF UNITED STATES TROOPS. 

Genei-al Stafi' — 2 wounded. 

Light Dragoons — 1 corporal killed, 2 privates wounded. 
AitiU.-ry— 1 officer, 9 N.C.O. and men killed; 3 officers, 32 N.C. 
(). and men wounde<l : 1 ])i-ivate missing. 



47 

1st Brigade. 

Staif — 3 officers wounded. 

9th Infantiy— 3 officers, 18 X.C.O. and men killed: <S officers, 81 
X.C.O. and men wounded : 1 officer, 14 N.C.O. and men missing. 

11th Infantry— 1 officer, 27 X.C.O. and men killed: 7 officers, 95 
X.C.O. and men wounded: 1 officer, 2 privates missing. 

22nd Infantry— 8() X.C.O. and men killed: 7 officers, 83 X.C.O. 
and men wounded : 3 officers, 14 X.C.O. and men missing. 

2oth Infantry — 2 officers, 20 men killed ; 4 officers, ti2 X.C.( ). and 
men wounded: 15 X.C.O. and men missing. 

i2nd Brigade. 

1st Infantry — 11 men killed: 2 officers, 18n)en wounded: 2 X.C.O. 
and men missing. 

21st Infantry — 1 officer, 14 X.C.O. and privates killed: 6 officers, 
(34 X.C.O. and men wounded; 19 privates missing. 

23rd Infantry — 1 officer, 9 X.C.O. and men killed: 7 officers 45 
X.C.O. and men wounded : 27 X.C.O. and men missing. 

Porter's Brigade. 

Staff — 1 officer wounded, 1 officer missing. 

Canadian Volunteers — 1 private killed, 2 privates wounded, 8 
privates missing. 

Pennsylvania Volunteers — 1 officer, 10 X.C.O. and men killed: 3 
officers, 21 men wounded: 1 officer missing. 

Xew York Volunteers — 1 officer, 3 X'.C.O. and men kille<l: 2 
officers, 12 X". CO. and men wounded: 1 officer missing. 



APPENDIX NO. 3. 



BRITISH OFFICERS KILLED. 

Captain Spooner, 89th. 

Lieut. Moorsoin, 104th, D.A.A.G. 

Lieut. Hemphill, Lst Royal Scots. 

Lieut. Lathom, SDth. 

Ensign Campbell, Incorporated Militia. 

Wounded. 

Lieut.-Gen. Drummond : Major-Gen. Riall : Lieut.-Cols. Morrison 
and Pearson ; Capts. McLauchlan and Bi-ereton : Lientfs. LeBreton, 
HasAvell, Fi-aser, Noel, Sandeman, Steel, Pierce, Taylor, Llo3"d, Miles, 
Redmond, Hooper, Langhorne and Kerr, of the regulars. 

Lieut.-Col. Robinson ; Majors Hatt and Simmons : Capts. Fraser, 
^^'ashburn, McDonald, H. Nelles and Rockman: Lieuts. Dougall, Rut- 
tan, Hamilton, Thompson, Orrtield and Smith: Ensigns McDonald and 
Kenned3% of the militia. 

a:merican officers killed.^ 

Major ^IcFarland: Capts. Goodrich, Hooper, Hull, Kinne}', Ritchie 
and Spencer : Lieuts. Armstrong, Bigelow, Burghardt, Davidson, Kehr, 
Poe, Sturtifis and Turner : Ension Hunter. 

Woundf'd. 

Major-General Brown : Brig.-Generals Porter and Scott : Colonel 
Brad}' : Lieut.-Cols. Dobbins, Jesup, Leavenworth and McNeil : Major 
Wood: Capts. Biddle, Bissel, Bliss, Burbank, Foster. Foulk, McMillan, 
Odell, Pentland, Smith and Worth : Lieuts. Abeel, Beans, l^edford, 
Blake, Brown, Camp, Campljell, Cilley, Cooper, Culbertson, Cushman, 
Dick, J)ieterich, Fei-guson, Fisher, Fisk, Fowle, Giftbrd, Haile, Ligei-soll, 
Jacobs, Land), ]\IcChain, Macla}", O'Fling, Sclnnuck, Sliaylor, Stephen- 
son, Tappan, Thompson, Vascjuez, Welister and Whiting: Ensigns 
Jacobs, Jones and Thomas. 

1. (Jardiier I»i('t. V. S. .\niiv. 



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